The effect of learning on heart rate and behavior of European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris )
The effect of learning on heart rate and behavior of European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris )
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学习对欧洲八哥 (Sturnus vulgaris) 心率和行为的影响
DOI：
10.1002/jez.2319
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Romero, L. Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Glassman, Laura W.;Hagmann Carl E.;Qadri, Muhammad A.;Cook, Robert G.;Romero, L. Michael
将野生捕获的欧洲椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）暴露于学习任务，以确定心率（HR）和对学习的行为反应是否激活了交感神经系统。在封闭经济中，鸟类学会了根据阴影线索区分相反凸度（凹和凸）的图像（只有通过任务完成才能获得食物）。一旦学会了，任务会以三种方式改变：（a）操纵图像的角度和形状;（B）改变任务的可用性;（c）逆转正刺激。在每次改变过程中测量HR，作为儿茶酚胺释放的指标，以确定是否必须改变先前建立的行为以学习新的行为引起交感神经反应。椋鸟降低了他们的人力资源在最初的歧视培训，并没有改变他们的人力资源时，修改后的图像或当积极的刺激被逆转。然而，人力资源增加时，任务变得不可用，并减少其回报，这表明，防止任务的性能被认为是紧张。当任务改变时，鸟类也会改变它们的行为。在逆转治疗期间，每分钟的试验次数减少，成功率也减少，这表明当食物减少时，椋鸟可能会试图保存能量。当任务不可用时，每分钟的停留跳数会减少，而任务返回时，每分钟的停留跳数会增加，这也支持了这一点。总的来说，这些结果表明，学习本身并不激活交感神经系统，因此，不是野生鸟类的压力源。
Wild‐caught European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were exposed to a learning task to determine whether heart rate (HR) and behavior responses to the learning activated the sympathetic nervous system. Birds learned to discriminate between images of opposite convexity (concave and convex) based on shading cues in a closed economy (food only available through task completion). Once learned, the task was changed in three ways: (a) manipulating the angle and shape of the image; (b) altering the availability of the task; and (c) reversing the positive stimulus. HR, used as an index of catecholamine release, was measured during each change to determine whether having to alter previously established behaviors to learn new behaviors elicited a sympathetic response. Starlings decreased their HR during the initial discrimination training and did not alter their HR when presented with modified images or when the positive stimulus was reversed. However, HR increased when the task became unavailable and decreased upon its return, suggesting that preventing task performance was perceived as stressful. Birds also modified their behavior when tasks were changed. The number of trials per minute decreased during the reversal treatment, as did the success rate, suggesting that starlings may try to conserve energy when access to food diminishes. This is also supported by the decrease in perch hops per minute when the task was unavailable and the subsequent increase upon its return. Overall, these results suggest that learning per se does not activate the sympathetic nervous system and, therefore, is not a stressor for wild birds.