Energy, environment and development in Cuba
Energy, environment and development in Cuba
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古巴的能源、环境与发展
DOI：
10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.023
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
15.9
通讯作者：
Ofelia Pérez Montero
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. A. Suárez;P. Beatón;Ronoldy Faxas Escalona;Ofelia Pérez Montero
在古巴，自1959年以来，能源、环境和社会经济发展一直是国家发展计划的高度优先事项。50年后，古巴人民在扫盲和教育、卫生、文化、体育、社会保障和人均国内生产总值方面取得了显著进步，根据世界野生动物基金会2006年的报告，这使古巴能够实现可持续发展。在过去的50年里，能源部门不断发展，主要成果是将电力分配到全国97%的地区，国内石油产量的增长达到总消费量的47%左右，分布式发电的引入达到发电的40%，电器的修复，古巴节能计划（PAEC）和教育部节能计划（PAEME）的系统化以及可再生能源技术的快速引进，在需求方管理、能源效率和能源教育方面取得了良好的成果。实际上，土壤退化、森林砍伐、污染、生物多样性丧失和缺水已被确定为主要的环境问题;根据国家环境战略所述的政策，已实施了若干计划和项目，以减少其影响。然而，古巴未来几年的发展面临挑战，从经济角度来看，必须加强与美洲和欧洲国家的经济关系，解决国内问题，如生产力不足，活动水平与财政、物质和人力资源之间的对应关系，促进出口水平的增长，实现进口基本食品的替代;能源部门需要提高国内石油的勘探和开采水平，使化石能源和能源技术供应商多样化，能源效率和可再生能源的使用;保护环境将要求开展关于适应和减缓气候变化、保护和合理利用自然资源，特别是土地、水和森林的研究。
In Cuba, since 1959, the energy, environment and socio-economic development have been given high priority in national development plans. Fifty years later, the Cuban people have achieved a society with notable advances in literacy and education, health, culture, sports, social security and per capita of the gross domestic product (GDP), which has permitted the attainment of a sustainable development, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report in 2006. The energy sector has been evolving constantly in the last 50 years, achieving as the main result the distribution of electricity to 97% of the country, the growth of domestic oil production to achieve about 47% of the total consumption, the introduction of the distributed generation of electricity reaching 40% on the generation, rehabilitation of the electric appliances, systematization of the Cuban Electricity Conservation Program (PAEC), the Energy Conservation Program of the Ministry of Education (PAEME) and rapid introduction of renewable energy technologies, with good results in demand side management, energy efficiency and energy education. Actually, soil degradation, deforestation, pollution, loss of biological diversity and lack of water have been identified as the main environmental problems; several plans and projects have been applied, in order to reduce their impact, following the policy expressed in the National Environmental Strategy. However, challenges exist for future development in Cuba in coming years, from an economical point of view will be necessary the enhancement of the economic relations with the American and European countries, to solve internal problems such as insufficient productivity, correspondence between the level of activities with the financial, material and human resources, to promote growth in the levels of exports and to achieve the substitution of imported basic food; the energy sector need to achieve growth in the levels of prospection and exploitation of domestic oil, to diversify fossil energy and energetic technologies suppliers, energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy; the protection of the environment will demand to develop research about adaptation and mitigation of climate change, conservation and rational use of natural resources, in particular, the lands, water and forests.