Joblessness, family disruption, and violent death in Chicago, 1970-90
Joblessness, family disruption, and violent death in Chicago, 1970-90
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DOI：
10.2307/3005842
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发表时间：
1998-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Spittel, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Almgren, G;Guest, A;Spittel, M
暴力死亡，定义为杀人自杀和事故，是工作年龄人口的主要死亡原因虽然大规模的人口研究和社区案例研究已经建立了种族，ses年龄，失业和所有三种形式的暴力死亡之间的共同联系，他们往往是跨部门的，并集中在一个暴力死亡的原因，而排除其他原因。利用1970年和1990年的人口普查数据和75个芝加哥社区的重要记录，本文探讨了失业，家庭破裂和所有三种形式的暴力死亡之间的关系，在两个不同的时间点，对应于威廉朱利叶斯威尔逊的城市下层社会的演变理论的黑人和非黑人社区人口的芝加哥。研究结果表明，高失业率和家庭破裂率同样可以预测凶杀率和意外死亡率，而且随着时间的推移，这些关系在黑人和非黑人社区都得到了加强。黑人社区人口种族隔离的变化似乎对黑人暴力死亡率没有一致的直接影响。我们还发现，与历史模式相反，年轻成年黑人男性和年轻成年非黑人男性的自杀率对经济机会结构长期下降的反应似乎相似。最后，通过使用跨种族社区的多重递减生命表分析技术，我们观察到黑人和非黑人人口的预期寿命之间的种族差异的增长趋势与相对失业水平有关。
Violent deaths, defined as homicides suicides and accidents, are leading causes of death among working-age populations While large-scale population studies and community case studies have established common linkages between race, ses age, joblessness, and all three forms of violent death, they have tended to be cross-sectional and to be focused on one cause of violent death to the exclusion of others. Utilizing 1970 and 1990 census data and vital records for 75 Chicago community areas, this article examines the relationships between joblessness, family disruption and all three forms of violent death across the black and nonblack community-area populations of Chicago at two distinct time points corresponding to William Julius Wilson's theory of the evolution of urban underclass communities. The findings suggest that both homicide rates and accidental death rates are similarly predicted by high rates of joblessness and family disruption, and that these relationships have strengthened in both black and nonblack communities over time. Variations in racial segregation among black community-area populations appeared to have no consistent direct effects on black rates of violent death. We also found that, contrary to historical patterns, suicide rates for young adult black males and young adult nonblack males appear similarly responsive to a secular decline in the economic opportunity structure. Finally, through the use of multiple-decrement life-table analysis techniques across racial communities, we observed a growth trend in the racial disparities between life expectancies of black and nonblack populations that is linked to relative levels of joblessness.