“Species-being” and “human nature” in Marx
“Species-being” and “human nature” in Marx
复制标题
马克思的“物种存在”与“人性”
DOI：
10.1007/bf02127669
复制
发表时间：
1982
期刊：
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Thomas E. Wartenberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thomas E. Wartenberg
人们普遍认为，马克思在《1844年经济学和哲学手稿》中对人类异化(疏远)的描述取决于他对人类物种的概念。由于这一概念在马克思后来的著作中几乎完全没有，人们普遍认为这一概念在马克思的写作中，特别是在他对资本主义社会的批判中，继续发挥着核心作用。在这篇文章中，我将试图展示马克思从他的主张中得出的全面的含义，他声称“人是物种存在……自由意识活动构成了人的物种特征”(马克思，1974，第327-328页)。在第一节中，我将展示马克思如何使用人类物种的概念，是对哲学传统使用的人的本质概念的根本重新概念化。然后，在第二节中，我将展示这一概念如何作用于马克思对资本主义社会的批判，以及他将社会主义作为对资本主义社会的积极替代的观点。最后，在第三节中，我将说明这种人性观导致了对哲学和经济学传统中存在的各种“非历史”的人性理论的批判。因此，我们将看到，马克思的人类物种概念是一种真正的理论创新，是马克思关于人和社会的观点的核心。
It is generally recognized that Marx's account of human alienation (estrangement) presented in the 1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts is dependent upon his notion of a human species-being. Since that concept is almost totally absent from Marx's later writings, it is not generally acknowledged that this concept continues to play a central function in Marx's writing and, in particular, in his critique of capitalist society. In this paper, I shall try to show the full range of implications that Marx draws from his claim that "Man is a species-being... and free conscious activity constitutes the species -character of man" (Marx, 1974, pp. 327-328 ). In the first sec tion, I will show how Marx's use of the concept of a human species-being is a radical reconceptualization of the philosophic tradition's use of the idea of a human essence. I will then, in the second section, show how this concept functions to ground both Marx's critique of capitalist society as well as his view of socialism as a positive alternative to that society. Finally, in the third section, I will show that this view of the human being leads to a critique of various "ahistorial" theories of human nature present in the philosophic and economic tradition. As a result, we shall see that Marx's conception of the human species-being is a genuine theoretical innovation that functions as the centerpiece of Marx's view of human beings and their society.