Risk of gastrointestinal disease associated with exposure to pathogens in the water of the Lower Passaic River
Risk of gastrointestinal disease associated with exposure to pathogens in the water of the Lower Passaic River
复制标题
DOI：
10.1128/aem.00601-07
复制
发表时间：
2008-02-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Finley, Brent
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Donovan, Ellen;Unice, Ken;Finley, Brent
在降水事件中，未经处理的人类污水通常通过联合下水道溢流（CSO）系统故意排放到地表水体，以避免污水处理厂超载。本分析的目的是评估与CSO排放到下帕塞伊克河相关的病原体相关疾病的风险。在2003年的6个不同的日子对6个河流地点的粪便大肠菌群、总大肠菌群、粪便链球菌和粪便肠球菌的浓度进行了测量（n = 36）。此外，水样（n = 2）直接从新泽西州纽瓦克的一个排放的CSO附近收集。对这些样本进行粪便大肠菌群、总大肠菌群、粪便链球菌、粪便肠球菌、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、小隐孢子虫和几种病毒的分析。对间接和直接摄入受污染的水导致胃肠道疾病和贾第鞭毛虫感染的风险估计进行了计算，计算了三种潜在暴露情景：游客、游憩者和无家可归者。首先评估了三种个体暴露情景的单事件风险；然后确定1年内的总体风险。蒙特卡罗技术用于表征不确定性。在帕塞伊克河中测量到的几乎所有病原体浓度都超过了基于健康的水质标准，在某些情况下与未经处理的污水报告的水平相似。在一年中，由于偶然摄入水而导致的粪便链球菌和肠球菌感染胃肠道疾病的概率在游客和再造者的情况下分别从0.14到近0.70不等。对于无家可归者暴露场景，粪便链球菌和肠球菌感染胃肠道疾病的风险为0.88，而贾第鞭毛虫感染的概率为1.0。这一风险分析表明，由于下帕塞伊克河中存在的病原体水平，在公民社会组织的排放得到充分控制或减少之前，与水的接触构成并将继续构成重大的人类健康风险。
During precipitation events, untreated human sewage is often intentionally discharged to surface water bodies via combined sewer overflow (CSO) systems in order to avoid overloading wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the risk of pathogen-related disease associated with CSO discharges into the Lower Passaic River. Concentrations of fecal coliform, total coliform, fecal Streptococcus, and fecal Enterococcus bacteria were measured at six river locations on six different days in 2003 (n = 36). In addition, water samples (n = 2) were collected directly from and in the immediate vicinity of a discharging CSO in Newark, NJ. These samples were analyzed for fecal coliforms, total coliforms, fecal Streptococcus, fecal Enterococcus, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and several viruses. Risk estimates for gastrointestinal illness and Giardia infection resulting from indirect and direct ingestion of contaminated water were calculated for three potential exposure scenarios: visitor, recreator, and homeless person. Single-event risk was first evaluated for the three individual exposure scenarios; overall risk was then determined over a 1-year period. Monte Carlo techniques were used to characterize uncertainty. Nearly all of the pathogen concentrations measured in the Passaic River exceeded health-based water quality criteria and in some cases were similar to levels reported for raw sewage. The probability of contracting gastrointestinal illness due to fecal Streptococcus and Enterococcus from incidental ingestion of water over the course of a year ranged from 0.14 to nearly 0.70 for the visitor and recreator scenarios, respectively. For the homeless person exposure scenario, the risk for gastrointestinal illness reached 0.88 for fecal Streptococcus and Enterococcus, while the probability of Giardia infection was 1.0. This risk analysis suggests that, due to the levels of pathogens present in the Lower Passaic River, contact with the water poses, and will continue to pose, significant human health risks until CSO discharges are adequately controlled or abated.