Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota.
Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota.
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DOI：
10.1042/bcj20200902
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发表时间：
2021-03
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Sundaram;A. Borthakur
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Sundaram;A. Borthakur
在近端小肠中吸收并在不同组织中同化的膳食营养素对整体能量稳态具有深远的影响，由身体能量摄入和消耗之间的平衡决定。在肥胖症中，改变的肠吸收和因此的营养物质的组织同化可能扰乱能量平衡，导致细胞水平的代谢异常。食物消化释放的糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养物质的吸收需要肠上皮吸收细胞中表达的高容量转运蛋白。此外，上皮肠内分泌细胞中表达的特异性转运蛋白/受体的营养感测通过其对食欲和食物摄入的影响触发参与调节能量稳态的肠道激素的释放。因此，肠上皮细胞在肥胖及其相关并发症的病理生理学中起着关键作用。在过去的十年中，肠道微生物群已经成为导致肥胖的关键因素，通过其对小肠中营养物质的消化和吸收的影响，以及对大肠中食物未消化成分膳食纤维的能量收获的影响。微生物群对肥胖的影响的各种机制已经被牵连。然而，肥胖相关微生物群对肠道营养转运蛋白的影响需要广泛的研究。本文综述了近年来关于肥胖症肠道上皮结构和功能改变的研究，特别强调了营养转运蛋白以及饮食和微生物群的作用。文章还讨论了该领域的思想、争议和研究空白。
Dietary nutrients absorbed in the proximal small intestine and assimilated in different tissues have a profound effect on overall energy homeostasis, determined by a balance between body's energy intake and expenditure. In obesity, altered intestinal absorption and consequently tissue assimilation of nutrients may disturb the energy balance leading to metabolic abnormalities at the cellular level. The absorption of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids released from food digestion require high-capacity transporter proteins expressed in the intestinal epithelial absorptive cells. Furthermore, nutrient sensing by specific transporters/receptors expressed in the epithelial enteroendocrine cells triggers release of gut hormones involved in regulating energy homeostasis via their effects on appetite and food intake. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated complications. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor contributing to obesity via its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and energy harvest from dietary fiber, undigested component of food, in the large intestine. Various mechanisms of microbiota effects on obesity have been implicated. However, the impact of obesity-associated microbiota on the intestinal nutrient transporters needs extensive investigation. This review marshals the limited studies addressing the altered structure and function of the gut epithelium in obesity with special emphasis on nutrient transporters and role of diet and microbiota. The review also discusses the thoughts and controversies and research gaps in this field.