Spatial-Temporal Dynamics at the Interface of 3D-Printed Photocurable Thermoset Resin Layers
Spatial-Temporal Dynamics at the Interface of 3D-Printed Photocurable Thermoset Resin Layers
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3D 打印光固化热固性树脂层界面的时空动力学
DOI：
10.1021/acsaenm.2c00248
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Koga, Tadanori
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yavitt, Benjamin M.;Wiegart, Lutz;Salatto, Daniel;Huang, Zhixing;Tsapatsaris, Leonidas;Endoh, Maya K.;Poeller, Sascha;Schiel, Manuel;Petrash, Stanislas;Koga, Tadanori
添加制造(AM)用于将聚合物材料制造成复杂的三维(3D)结构。由于3D结构是通过顺序地逐层沉积从平移喷嘴分配的细丝(在基于挤出的打印的情况下)来构建的，因此缺陷通常在细丝-细丝界面处形成。在印刷过程中发生的不平衡的结构发展很难用定量的方法直接测量，限制了我们对发挥作用的物理机制的了解。在这里，我们利用具有微束能力的OPANDO X射线光子相关光谱(XPCS)测量来探测挤出3D打印过程中细丝-细丝界面的实时结构演变。通过跟踪填充粒子在树脂中的纳米尺度运动，我们研究了双固化(UV/热)丙烯酸酯/环氧树脂在多层3D打印过程中的固化过程。在单丝沉积期间以及在固化底层顶部的第二层沉积期间，测量了空间和时间分辨动力学(在从几纳米到几百纳米的长度尺度上和10-3<；t；lt；103秒的时间尺度上)。与固化底层相比，第二层的加入在界面处引入了结构扰动，并导致了界面动力学的加速。然而，随着时间的推移，局部动力学非均质性消失，动力学的演化在整个界面区内均匀地进行。界面上的均匀性是由于形成了跨越第一和第二丝的相互渗透的环氧网。这种均匀的界面是3D打印样品的各向同性拉伸性能的原因，该各向同性拉伸性能与打印方向无关，并且与大块(非3D打印)样品几乎相同。XPCS微观流变学方法提供了对印花长丝界面上的动力学-过程-性能关系的洞察。
Additive manufacturing (AM) is used to fabricate polymeric materials into complex three-dimensional (3D) structures. As the 3D structure is built by sequential layer-by-layer deposition of filaments dispensed from a translating nozzle (in the case of extrusion-based printing), defects often form at the filament-filament interface. The out-of-equilibrium structural development that occurs during the printing process is difficult to directly measure by quantitative means, limiting our understanding of the physical mechanisms at play. Here, we utilize in operando X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) measurements with microbeam capability to probe the real-time structural evolution at the filament-filament interface during extrusion 3D printing. We investigate the solidification of a dual-cure (UV/thermal) acrylate/epoxy resin during multilayer 3D printing as a rational model by tracking the nanoscale motion of filler particles embedded in the resin. The spatially and temporally resolved dynamics (on length scales from several nm to a few hundreds of nm and time scales of 10–3<t< 103seconds) are measured during the deposition of a single filament as well as during the deposition of a second layer on top of the cured underlayer. The addition of a second layer introduces structural perturbations at the interface and results in accelerated interfacial dynamics compared to those of the cured underlayer. However, as time proceeds, the local dynamical heterogeneity disappears, and the evolution of the dynamics progresses uniformly within the entire interfacial region. The homogeneity across the interface results from the formation of an interpenetrated epoxy network that spans across the first and second filaments. This homogeneous interface is responsible for the isotropic tensile properties of a 3D-printed sample that are independent of print direction and nearly the same as the bulk (non-3D-printed) sample. The XPCS microrheology approach provides insight into the dynamics-process-property relationship at the printed filament interfaces.
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