Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments.
Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Smethells JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carroll ME;Smethells JR
这篇综述的目的是讨论与导致药物成瘾的行为控制障碍的性别差异有关的最新发现，并讨论对人类的临床意义。这篇综述包括在动物和人类中进行的研究，揭示了行为失控的基本方面。性别差异在行为失控方面的重要性，如冲动和强迫症，被讨论为药物成瘾的主要决定因素。青春期的行为控制障碍也是一个重要的考虑因素，因为这是吸毒成瘾的开始时间。这些脆弱性因素增加了药物滥用的脆弱性，它们是成瘾的组成部分，与性别差异相关并相互作用。药物成瘾治疗中的性别差异也根据它们改变成瘾行为基础的行为控制障碍的能力而被审查。讨论了减少行为失控的定制化治疗，例如(1)使用自然后果，如非药物奖励(例如，锻炼)来维持戒毒，或使用惩罚作为药物使用的结果，(2)通过改变药物的用途来缓解这些潜在的情况，以针对导致行为失控的因素，如冲动或焦虑，以及(3)结合两种或更多新的行为或药物治疗，以产生寻求药物的额外减少。最近发表的工作表明，导致行为控制障碍的因素是提高我们对药物滥用病因的认识、干预药物成瘾过程和开发新的治疗方法的重要靶点。
The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings related to sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol that lead to drug addiction, and clinical implications for humans are discussed. This review includes research conducted in animals and humans that reveals fundamental aspects of behavioral dyscontrol. The importance of sex differences in aspects of behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity and compulsivity, is discussed as major determinants of drug addiction. Behavioral dyscontrol during adolescence is also an important consideration, as this is the time of onset for drug addiction. These vulnerability factors additively increase drug-abuse vulnerability, and they are integral aspects of addiction that covary and interact with sex differences. Sex differences in treatments for drug addiction are also reviewed in terms of their ability to modify the behavioral dyscontrol that underlies addictive behavior. Customized treatments to reduce behavioral dyscontrol are discussed, such as (1) using natural consequences such as non-drug rewards (e.g., exercise) to maintain abstinence, or using punishment as a consequence for drug use, (2) targeting factors that underlie behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity or anxiety, by repurposing medications to relieve these underlying conditions, and (3) combining two or more novel behavioral or pharmacological treatments to produce additive reductions in drug seeking. Recent published work has indicated that factors contributing to behavioral dyscontrol are an important target for advancing our knowledge on the etiology of drug abuse, intervening with the drug addiction process and developing novel treatments.