Incentives and Motivation.
Incentives and Motivation.
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DOI：
10.1037/tps0000073
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发表时间：
2016-06
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Lopez AA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Silverman K;Jarvis BP;Jessel J;Lopez AA
促进重要的社会行为是临床医生、卫生专业人员、教育工作者、雇主、医生、父母、政府和其他人经常面临的挑战。奖励性干预措施已被证明在促进不同人群和环境中广泛的社会价值行为方面是有效的，例如预防性医疗保健(Bassani等人，2013；Kane, Johnson, Town, & Butler, 2004)，工作效率（Bucklin和Dickinson， 2001），戒毒（Lussier, Heil, Mongeon, Badger, & Higgins, 2006），药物依从性（Defulio和Silverman， 2012），艾滋病毒预防（Operario, Kuo, soza - rubi, & galaraga, 2013），戒烟（Cahill, Hartmann-Boyce, & Perera, 2015），健康行为（Haff等人，2015）和医生行为（Town, Kane, Johnson, & Butler, 2005）。在激励干预下，个人得到一些有形的和理想的结果（例如，金钱，特权）取决于产生一些可观察和可验证的行为。从美国到非洲，从英国到许多其他国家，世界各地都在使用激励措施。一些人质疑使用激励来促进理想行为的适当性，然而，激励已经在整个国家被采用并应用于解决社会重要问题（Lagarde, Haines, & Palmer, 2007, 2009; Pilling, Strang, & Gerada, 2007; Ranganathan & Lagarde, 2012）。激励措施的应用最广泛的是有条件现金转移支付计划，该计划利用激励措施促进全球低收入家庭的健康和教育，并减少贫困（Bassani等人，2013；Lagarde等人，2007年，2009年；Ranganathan和Lagarde， 2012年；Rasella, Aquino, Santos, Paes-Sousa, & Barreto, 2013）。来自不同理论和概念背景的心理学家和其他专业人员已经应用了激励干预。激励干预植根于对非人类和人类的广泛基础研究，这些研究表明，人类的许多行为受到其后果的影响（Pierce & Cheney, 2013）。对操作行为的基础研究尤为重要，为激励干预的发展、完善和完善提供了丰富的科学依据。强化的操作原则是所有激励干预的基础。强化是操作性行为的基本原则，因为行为的某些后果会增加该行为未来发生的可能性。对行为产生影响的结果被称为强化因素，强化因素增加行为发生概率的过程被称为强化。从简单的海蛞蝓（Brembs, Lorenzetti, Reyes, Baxter, & Byrne, 2002）到昆虫、鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物（Grossett, Roy, Sharenow, & Poling, 1982），这一基本的行为原则已经在很多生物中得到了证明。通过数百项研究，研究人员已经了解了很多关于决定强化如何影响行为的因素（Pierce & Cheney, 2013）。强化原则已经以各种方式应用于解决重要的社会问题，但它通过激励干预得到了非常直接和有效的应用。在操作性条件反射的语言中，激励旨在作为强化物，增加其所依赖的行为的概率。对解决棘手社会问题的激励干预措施的发展、改进和评估的研究代表了转化研究的一个富有成效和重要的领域。
Promoting socially important behaviors is a challenge frequently faced by clinicians, health professionals, educators, employers, doctors, parents, governments, and others. Incentive interventions have proven to be effective in promoting a wide range of socially valuable behaviors in diverse populations and settings such as preventive health care (Bassani et al., 2013; Kane, Johnson, Town, & Butler, 2004), work productivity (Bucklin & Dickinson, 2001), abstinence from drugs (Lussier, Heil, Mongeon, Badger, & Higgins, 2006), medication adherence (Defulio & Silverman, 2012), HIV prevention (Operario, Kuo, Sosa-Rubi, & Galarraga, 2013), smoking cessation (Cahill, Hartmann-Boyce, & Perera, 2015), health behaviors (Haff et al., 2015), and physician behavior (Town, Kane, Johnson, & Butler, 2005). Under incentive interventions, individuals receive some tangible and desirable consequence (eg, money, privilege) contingent on emitting some observable and verifiable behavior. Incentives have been used all around the world from the United States, to Africa, to the United Kingdom, and many other countries. Some have questioned the appropriateness of using incentives to promote desirable behaviors, yet incentives have been adopted and applied throughout whole countries to address socially important problems (Lagarde, Haines, & Palmer, 2007, 2009; Pilling, Strang, & Gerada, 2007; Ranganathan & Lagarde, 2012). No application of incentives has been more widespread than in the use of Conditional Cash Transfer programs, which have used incentives to promote health and education and to reduce poverty in low income families around the world (Bassani et al., 2013; Lagarde et al., 2007, 2009; Ranganathan & Lagarde, 2012; Rasella, Aquino, Santos, Paes-Sousa, & Barreto, 2013).Incentive interventions have been applied by psychologists and other professionals from diverse theoretical and conceptual backgrounds. Incentive interventions are rooted in an extensive body of basic research in nonhumans and in humans that suggests that much of human behavior is influenced by its consequences (Pierce & Cheney, 2013). Basic research on operant behavior is particularly relevant and provides a rich scientific foundation for the development, refinement, and improvement of incentive interventions. The operant principle of reinforcement underlies all incentive interventions. Reinforcement is a basic principle of operant behavior in that certain consequences of behavior increase the future probability of that behavior. Consequences that have that effect on behavior are called reinforcers and the process by which reinforcers increase the probability of a behavior is called reinforcement. This fundamental principle of behavior has been demonstrated in a wide range of organisms, from the simple sea slug (Brembs, Lorenzetti, Reyes, Baxter, & Byrne, 2002) to insects, fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals (Grossett, Roy, Sharenow, & Poling, 1982). Through hundreds of studies, researchers have learned quite a bit about factors that determine how reinforcement affects behavior (Pierce & Cheney, 2013). The principle of reinforcement has been applied in a variety of ways to address important social problems, but it has been applied very directly and with great effectiveness through incentive interventions. In the language of operant conditioning, incentives are intended to serve as reinforcers that increase the probability of the behavior on which they are contingent. Research on the development, improvement, and evaluation of incentive interventions to address intractable societal problems represents a productive and important area of translational research, by …