DO OLDER-PEOPLE KNOW HOW GOOD THEY ARE
DO OLDER-PEOPLE KNOW HOW GOOD THEY ARE
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1991.tb02389.x
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发表时间：
1991-05-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
ABSON, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
RABBITT, P;ABSON, V
一生中过度学习的信息和程序形成了“结晶”智力体，相对不受衰老的影响。因此，尽管老年人的“流动”记忆能力明显下降，但他们仍可能保留有关自己记忆的局限性和特征的知识（“元记忆”）。为了测试元记忆的效率是否确实与年龄相关的流体智力下降无关，我们要求 320 名年龄在 50 岁至 79 岁之间的人预测他们在四项简单记忆任务中的可能表现，这些任务已经向他们仔细解释过。然后，他们体验了这些任务，并将他们的预测与他们的实际表现进行了比较。实际任务表现是通过实际年龄、AH 4 和 Mill Hill IQ 测试分数来适度预测的，而不是通过日常记忆和认知效率的主观自我评估（Broadbent CFQ、Sunderland & Harris MQ）来预测。数据表明，预测表现的绝对水平与自信心有关，最好通过贝克抑郁量表的分数和液体智商测试分数来预测。还有证据表明，测试分数较高的人对自己的能力做出的预测更准确、更乐观。总而言之，这些结果表明，个人对自身能力评估的准确性确实会随着年龄相关的流体智商变化而改变，但可能更根本的是由于年龄相关的自尊和生活方式的变化而改变。
Information and procedures that have been overlearned during a lifetime form a body of ‘crystallized’ intelligence that is relatively unaffected by ageing. Thus in spite of marked decrements in their ‘fluid’ memory abilities it is possible that older people may retain knowledge about the limitations and characteristics of their own memory (‘metamemory’). To test whether efficiency of metamemory is, indeed, independent of age‐related decline in fluid intelligence, 320 people aged from 50 to 79 years were asked to predict their probable performance on four simple memory tasks which had been carefully explained to them. They then experienced the tasks and their predictions were compared with their actual performances.Actual task performance was modestly predicted by chronological age and by AH 4 and Mill Hill IQ test scores but not by subjective self‐ratings of everyday memory and cognitive efficiency (the Broadbent CFQ, and the Sunderland & Harris MQ). The data suggest that absolute levels of prediction of performance were associated with self‐confidence and were best predicted by scores on the Beck depression scale and by fluid IQ test scores. There was also evidence that individuals with higher test scores gave more accurate as well as more optimistic predictions of their own abilities. Taken together these results suggest that the accuracy of individuals' assessments of their own abilities does alter with age‐related changes in fluid IQ, but probably more radically by age‐related changes in self‐regard and in life‐style.