Effect of glacial drainage water on the CO2 system and ocean acidification state in an Arctic tidewater‐glacier fjord during two contrasting years

Effect of glacial drainage water on the CO2 system and ocean acidification state in an Arctic tidewater‐glacier fjord during two contrasting years
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对比年份冰川排水对北极潮水冰川峡湾CO2系统和海洋酸化状态的影响

DOI:
10.1002/2014jc010320
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Gernot Nehrke
Gernot Nehrke
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Agneta Fransson;Melissa Chierici ;Daiki Nomura ;Mats Granskog ;Svein Kristiansen ;Tõnu Martma;Gernot Nehrke

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为了研究冰川水对峡湾二氧化碳系统的影响,我们研究了2012年冬季(1月、3月和4月)和2013年(4月)以及夏季/秋季从斯匹次卑尔根岛冰川前缘到Tempelfjorden外的总碱度(AT)、总溶解无机碳(CT)、溶解无机营养物、氧同位素比(δ18O)和淡水组分的变化2013 年(九月)。这两个对比年份清楚地表明,淡水、混合和盐对流的影响影响了峡湾的化学和物理特征。季节变化显示 2012 年 3 月碳酸钙饱和状态 (Ω) 和 pH 值最低,与淡水比例最高相一致。 2013 年 9 月发现最高的 Ω 和 pH,主要是由于初级生产过程中吸收了二氧化碳。总体而言,我们发现淡水供应的增加会降低 Ω、pH 和 AT。另一方面,与 2013 年的 AT(526 μmol kg−1)相比,我们观察到 2012 年温和多雨的冬季淡水端元的 AT 相对盐度更高(1142 μmol kg−1)。对冰川中方解石和白云石晶体的观察表明,向峡湾供应了富含碳酸盐的冰川排水。这意味着大量冰川排水的冬季在一定程度上减轻了海洋的进一步酸化,这也将影响海气二氧化碳交换。
In order to investigate the effect of glacial water on the CO2system in the fjord, we studied the variability of the total alkalinity (AT), total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), dissolved inorganic nutrients, oxygen isotopic ratio (δ18O), and freshwater fractions from the glacier front to the outer Tempelfjorden on Spitsbergen in winter 2012 (January, March, and April) and 2013 (April) and summer/fall 2013 (September). The two contrasting years clearly showed that the influence of freshwater, mixing, and haline convection affected the chemical and physical characteristics of the fjord. The seasonal variability showed the lowest calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω) and pH values in March 2012 coinciding with the highest freshwater fractions. The highest Ω and pH were found in September 2013, mostly due to CO2uptake during primary production. Overall, we found that increased freshwater supply decreased Ω, pH, and AT. On the other hand, we observed higher ATrelative to salinity in the freshwater end‐member in the mild and rainy winter of 2012 (1142 μmol kg−1) compared to ATin 2013 (526 μmol kg−1). Observations of calcite and dolomite crystals in the glacial ice suggested supply of carbonate‐rich glacial drainage water to the fjord. This implies that winters with a large amount of glacial drainage water partly provide a lessening of further ocean acidification, which will also affect the air‐sea CO2exchange.
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