Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka
Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka
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DOI：
10.1186/s40064-015-0868-z
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发表时间：
2015-02-24
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Paranagama, Priyani
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作者：
Jayasumana, Channa;Fonseka, Saranga;Paranagama, Priyani
病因不明的慢性肾病（CKDu）已升级为斯里兰卡干旱地区中北部省（NCP）和邻近农业地区的流行病。研究表明，这种特殊类型的CKD是一种中毒性肾病，砷可能与其他一些重金属一起沿着起致病作用。我们调查了化肥和农药可能是砷来源的假设。采用原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法对两所大学实验室的226个化肥样品和273个农药样品进行了砷和其他重金属的分析。在研究地区，几乎所有农民可用的农用化学品都受到砷污染。重过磷酸钙（TSP）中的含量最高，平均值为31 mg/kg。此外，TSP还是其他肾毒性金属（包括Cr、Co、Ni、Pb和V）的丰富来源。斯里兰卡每年进口超过10万吨TSP，其中含有约2100公斤砷。从NCP的一个露天矿中获得的磷酸岩中发现了第二高浓度（8.56毫克/千克）。有机肥料中含有极少量的砷。尽管斯里兰卡禁止使用含砷农药，但农药中的砷污染从0.18毫克/千克到2.53毫克/千克不等。在斯里兰卡使用最广泛的农药草甘膦平均含有1.9毫克/公斤的砷。研究结果表明，农用化学品，特别是磷肥是CKDu流行区无机砷的主要来源。斯里兰卡的有机肥料砷含量相对较低，因此应鼓励斯里兰卡CKDu流行地区的农民尽量减少使用进口化肥，改用有机肥料。
Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) has escalated into an epidemic in North Central Province (NCP) and adjacent farming areas in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Studies have shown that this special type of CKD is a toxic nephropathy and arsenic may play a causative role along with a number of other heavy metals. We investigated the hypothesis that chemical fertilizers and pesticide could be a source of arsenic. 226 samples of Fertilizers and 273 samples of pesticides were collected and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for arsenic and other heavy metals in two university laboratories. Almost all the agrochemicals available to the farmers in the study area are contaminated with arsenic. The highest amount was in triple super phosphate (TSP) with a mean value of 31 mg/kg. Also TSP is a rich source of other nephrotoxic metals including Cr, Co, Ni, Pb and V. Annually more than 0.1 million tons of TSP is imported to Sri Lanka containing approximately 2100 kg of arsenic. The next highest concentration was seen in the rock phosphate obtained from an open pit mine in NCP (8.56 mg/kg). Organic fertilizer contained very low amounts of arsenic. Arsenic contamination in pesticides varied from 0.18 mg/kg to 2.53 mg/kg although arsenic containing pesticides are banned in Sri Lanka. Glyphosate the most widely used pesticide in Sri Lanka contains average of 1.9 mg/kg arsenic. Findings suggest that agrochemicals especially phosphate fertilizers are a major source of inorganic arsenic in CKDu endemic areas. Organic fertilizer available in Sri Lanka is comparatively very low in arsenic and hence the farmers in CKDu endemic areas in Sri Lanka should be encouraged to minimize the use of imported chemical fertilizer and use organic fertilizers instead.