The paramolar tubercle (Bolk)
The paramolar tubercle (Bolk)
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磨牙旁结节（Bolk）
DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.1330030119
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发表时间：
1945
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
A. Dahlberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Dahlberg
根据阿姆斯特丹大学解剖研究所已故教授L.Bolk(‘16)的说法，一种被称为副磨牙尖尖或结节的尖端可以出现在第二个辅助第三恒磨牙上，但永远不会出现在第一个恒磨牙上。这一前提是他关于人类牙齿的理论的基础，然而，这些理论并没有得到证据的支持。最近在上颌第一恒磨牙上发现了这样的标本：(1)芝加哥自然历史博物馆收藏的新不列颠美拉尼西亚人的头骨，(2)美国国家博物馆(Smithsonian Institution)类似收藏的头骨，(3)一名在世的白人女性。博尔克假设智齿是返祖现象，并将所有这些发现的意义归因于此。每当多余的牙齿或牙尖弯曲时，他认为它们是我们祖先树上过去牙列的一部分的复归或代表，即在牙列进化过程中早已被遗弃的牙齿的代表。他强调了这样一个事实，即多余的牙齿在第一和第二恒磨牙之间以及在第二和第三恒磨牙之间出现在口腔中，但在最后一颗前磨牙(第二双尖牙)和第一恒磨牙之间从来没有出现过。他认为，当时的刘迈氏乳牙期在卡迪象限有比现在更多的后牙，但这些牙齿在进化过程中消失了。在现代刘迈牙列中，缺失的牙齿被认为是偶尔出现的从颊到磨牙之间的上颌牙。他认为，这些牙齿被称为副磨牙，在发育过程中有时会与现在牙齿的相邻恒磨牙融合，只留下一个尖端0x1的磨牙作为它们以前存在的证据。这个尖头有时会出现在第二磨牙和第三磨牙颊侧面的前方，它被称为牙周结节，在Bolk的工作中是非常重要的。1)。博尔克没有在任何第一个
According to the late Prof. L. Bolk (’16) of the Anatomical Institute of tlie University of Amsterdam, a certain cusp known as the paramolar cusp or tubercle could appear on second aid third permanent molars but never on the first permanent molar. 011 this premise he based his theories of human dentition which, however, are not supported by the evidence. Recently instances of such ariornalies were found on the maiiciibular first permanent molars:(1) of a skull in the New Britain Melanesian collection at the Chicago Natural History RJuseum,(2) of a skull in a similar collection at the U. S. National Museum (Smithsonian Institution), aiid (3) in a living white female. Bolk assumed that sapernurnerary teeth were atavisms and ascribed significance to all such findings. Whenever extra teeth or cusps oc-curred he considered them as reversions or represeiitatives of parts of tlie dentitions of the past in our ancestral tree, ie, representatives of teeth whicli had long since been abandoned in the evolution of the dentition. He made much of the fact that supernnumerai* y teeth have been found to appear buccal to and between the first and second permanent molars arid between the second and third permanent molars, but never between tlie last premolar (second bicuspid) and the first permanelit molar. He maintained that tlie liumaii deciduous dentition at one time had more posterior teeth in cadi quadrant than it bas today, but that these were lost in the process of evolution. The lost teeth were supposed to be represented in the modern liumaii dentition by the occasional appearance of supernnnierary teeth buccal to arid between the molars. He believed tliat these teeth, which lie called paramolars, sometimes fused with the adjacent permanent molars of present dentitions during development and left only a cusp 0x1 the molars as evidence of their former presence. This cusp, which is fourid occasionally on the an-terior yJor* tion of the buccal surface of the second arid third molars, is called the paramolar tubercle and is the one that is so significant in Bolk’s work (fig. 1). Bolk failed to find this cusp on any of the first