To inhale or not to inhale:: Conditioned avoidance in breathing behavior in an odor -: 20% CO2 paradigm
To inhale or not to inhale:: Conditioned avoidance in breathing behavior in an odor -: 20% CO2 paradigm
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DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.01.003
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发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Van den Bergh, Omer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fannes, Stien;Van Diest, Ilse;Van den Bergh, Omer
This study investigated breathing behavior in an odor-CO2-inhalation fear conditioning paradigm. A differential conditioning paradigm was applied in 55 participants. Both acquisition and extinction consisted of three CS+ and three CS- trials. Diluted ammonia and butyric acid served as conditional odor cues (CSs); inhalation of 20% CO2-enriched as US. The US was presented 10 s after CS+ onset and both stimuli co-terminated 30 s later. Subjective anxiety and US-expectancy were measured online upon presentation of the CSs. Respiratory behavior showed a biphasic pattern during CS+ acquisition trials. Participants paradoxically lowered their ventilation first; an increased ventilation was observed only towards the end of the trial. Extinction of this breathing inhibition was found. Participants avoiding the CO2 during acquisition did not show a reduction in fear from acquisition to extinction, whereas Non-avoiders did. We conclude that paradoxical decreases in ventilation constitute a relevant behavioral index of fear in CO2-inhalation paradigms. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
