Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies
Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies
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DOI：
10.1016/j.futures.2015.03.003
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发表时间：
2015-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Khan, N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Abas, N.;Kalair, A.;Khan, N.
化石燃料产量的峰值、下降和消耗取决于其探明储量、勘探和消耗率。全球已探明的石油、天然气和煤炭储量为 16880 亿桶 (Bb)、6558 万亿立方英尺 (TCF) 和 8910 亿吨 (Bt)，消耗量分别为每天 0.092 Bb、0.329 TCF 和 7.89 BT。石油、天然气和煤炭储量正以每年 6 亿桶 (Mb)、4000 亿立方英尺 (BCF) 和 19.2 十亿吨油当量 (GTOE) 的速度增长。而石油、天然气和煤炭消耗量的年增长率分别为1.4 Mb、4.5 BCF和310万吨（Mt）。全球每年超过120亿吨油当量（BTOE）的能源需求导致39.5Gt-CO2排放，未来能源需求将升至24-25BTOE时，每年CO2排放量将增加至75Gt-CO2。石油、天然气和煤炭可能会在未来几十年内继续存在，但为了应对严重的气候变化，必须向低碳强度燃料过渡。可再生和替代能源是解决能源和气候变化双重问题的关键，且初始投资较高。从化石燃料过渡到 150 拍瓦时 (PWh) 的可持续和可再生能源需要大量投资和创新技术。也许基于二氧化碳和水的燃料系统将促进气候变化和能源转型。由化石燃料、氢、生物燃料和可再生能源组成的能源组合似乎是一个很好的举措。本文回顾了碳氢化合物减少情景的证据和未来能源技术的时间表。 (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Fossil fuels production peaks, declines and depletions depend on their proved reserves, exploration and consumption rates. Worldwide proven oil, gas and coal reserves are 1688 billion barrels (Bb), 6558 trillion cubic feet (TCF) and 891 billion tons (Bt) being consumed at rates of 0.092 Bb, 0.329 TCF and 7.89 BT per day, respectively. The oil, gas and coal reserves are increasing at the rate of 600 million barrels (Mb), 400 billion cubic feet (BCF) and 19.2 Giga tons of oil equivalents (GTOE) per year. While the rate of annual increase in consumption of oil, gas and coal is 1.4 Mb, 4.5 BCF and 3.1 million tons (Mt). Global annual energy demand of over 12 billion tons of oil equivalent (BTOE) results in the emission of 39.5 Giga tons of carbon dioxide (Gt-CO2), and the annual CO2 emission would increase up to 75 Gt-CO2 when future energy demand will rise to 24-25 BTOE. Oil, gas and coal may continue to exist for next several decades, yet the energy transition to low carbon intensity fuels is necessary to cope with rampant climate change. Renewable and alternative energy sources hold key to the solution of twin problems, energy and climate change, with a high initial investment. Transition from fossil fuels to sustainable and renewable energy resources of 150 Petawatt hours (PWh) requires major investment and innovatory technologies. Perhaps CO2 and H2O based fuel systems would facilitate climate change and grand energy transition. An energy mix consisting of fossil fuels, hydrogen, bio-fuels, and renewable energy sources seems to be a good initiative. This paper reviews evidence of hydrocarbons decline scenarios and timelines of future energy technologies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.