THOUGHT CONTENTS AND COGNITIVE-FUNCTIONING IN MOTIVATIONAL VERSUS VOLITIONAL STATES OF MIND
THOUGHT CONTENTS AND COGNITIVE-FUNCTIONING IN MOTIVATIONAL VERSUS VOLITIONAL STATES OF MIND
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00992338
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发表时间：
1987-06-01
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
GOLLWITZER, PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HECKHAUSEN, H;GOLLWITZER, PM
即将做出决定的人和即将做出决定的人在以下方面有什么不同吗：(1)他们的自发思维流的内容，(2)反映短期记忆的认知功能方面？受试者要么在两种可用的测试材料中做出选择，要么被分配到两种材料中，据称这两种材料旨在衡量创造力，并以不同的方式适合于促进个人充分发挥创造潜力。然而，受试者在做出这个选择之前或之后不久被打断：在研究1中，他们被要求报告他们在被打断之前的一段时间内经历的想法；在第二项研究中，受试者在做出选择之前或之后被打断，并被要求回忆旨在测试记忆广度的单词列表。研究1的结果证实了我们的假设，即决定前和决定后的自发思维流反映了动机和意志的心理状态。也就是说，前决策思维专注于目标选择的激励价值、对绩效结果的期望和元动机指令，而后决策思维则关注如何实现所追求的目标。在研究2中，动机状态下的受试者比意志状态下的受试者表现出更大的记忆广度。由于在进一步的研究中，在动机与意志状态下，受试者在算术任务上的表现并没有提高，研究2的结果被理解为对传入信息的接受性的状态依赖性增加。在解释本研究结果时，动机状态和意志状态的特征被阐明。此外，作者还建议将关注动机问题（即期望值模型）的主流研究传统和关注意志问题（即意图的形成和实现）的废弃研究传统整合到一个功能单元中。
Do people who are about to make a decision differ from people who are about to enact a decision just made with respect to (1) the contents of their spontaneous stream of thought, and (2) aspects of cognitive functioning reflective of short-term memory? Subjects either made a choice between, or were assigned to, two available test materials allegedly designed to measure creativity and differentially suited to promote an individual''s full creative potential. Subjects were, however, interrupted prior to or shortly after making this choice: In Study 1, they were asked to report on the thoughts they experienced during the time period just before the interruption; in Study 2, subjects were interrupted either before or after making a choice and were asked to recall lists of words designed to test memory span. The results of Study 1 confirmed our assumption that predecisional versus postdecisional streams of spontaneous thought reflect motivational versus volitional states of mind. That is, predecisional thought was preoccupied with incentive values of goal options, expectancy of performance outcomes, and metamotivational directives, whereas postdecisional thought was concerned with questions of how to implement the pursued goal. In Study 2, subjects in a motivational state of mind exhibited a greater memory span than subjects in a volitional state of mind. Since, in a further study, performance on arithmetic tasks did not improve for subjects in a motivational as opposed to a volitional state of mind, the results of Study 2 are understood as a state-dependent increase in receptivity with respect to incoming information. In interpreting the present findings, the characteristic features of motivational and volitional states are explicated. Furthermore, it is suggested that the dominating research tradition focusing on motivational problems (i.e., expectancy-value models) and the abandoned research tradition concerned with volitional problems (i.e., formation and implementation of an intent) should be integrated into a functional unit.