Hells Bells – unique speleothems from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, generated under highly specific subaquatic conditions
Hells Bells – unique speleothems from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, generated under highly specific subaquatic conditions
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地狱钟声 - 来自墨西哥尤卡坦半岛的独特洞穴，在高度特定的水下条件下生成
DOI：
10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.012
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Deininger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stinnesbeck;Avíles;Hering;Geenen;Gescher;Isenbeck- Schröter;Ritter;Stinnesbeck;Aceves Núñez;Fito Dahne;González González;Deininger
我们在这里报道了一种米大小的悬垂洞穴植物，生长在墨西哥尤卡坦半岛莫雷洛斯港以西的埃尔萨波特天坑（cenote）水下。这些圆锥形、地幔形状的向下扩张和发散的钙质结构，这里被称为地狱钟，尚未在科学文献中报道。它们的特征是纵向为钟形或喇叭形，水平横截面为圆形、椭圆形或马蹄形。地狱钟向下生长，基于结构的向下发散以及叶片状晶石方解石和微晶石层的水平层压内部纹理。年龄测定证实地狱钟很年轻（< 4500 年）并且是在水下环境中形成的。它们在无光条件下生长在分层水体中，其特点是淡水体覆盖在咸水体之上，并有数米的停滞过渡区（盐跃层）。我们假设这些结构的生长是由盐跃层上方和内部的特定物理和生物地球化学条件介导的。停滞的水力条件导致多种营养物质广泛扩散，其中包括来自咸水体的钙。淡水中溶解的有机碳在盐跃层的上部被微生物氧化，从有氧条件到缺氧条件，发现了明显的氧化还原带。降解过程与弱碱性 pH 值以及钙扩散运输到该区域可能会导致方解石过饱和度增加。对地狱钟表面群落的系统发育分析表明，存在参与氮循环的微生物，其中一些微生物可能具有通过自养生长和反硝化活性提高 pH 值的能力，从而支持方解石沉淀。地狱钟声的增长严格取决于盐跃层的高度。这为使用地狱钟作为全新世古水文条件的档案提供了广阔的潜力，例如。尤卡坦半岛淡水透镜体厚度的变化。
We here report on a type of meter-sized pendant speleothem growing under water in the submerged El Zapote sinkhole (cenote) west of Puerto Morelos on the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. These conical, mantle-shaped downward expanding and diverging calcareous structures, here termed as Hells Bells, are yet unreported in the scientific literature. They are characterized by bell- or trumpet shaped longitudinal and circular, elliptical or horse-shoe-like horizontal cross-sections. Hells Bells grow downward, based on the downward divergence of the structures and the horizontally laminated internal texture of both blade-shaped spar calcite and microspar laminae. Age dating confirms that Hells Bells are young (< 4500 yr) and formed in a subaquatic environment. They grow under lightless conditions in a stratified water body, which is characterized by a fresh water body overlying a salt water body with a stagnant transition zone (halocline) of several meters. We hypothesize that the growth of these structures is mediated by specific physical and biogeochemical conditions above and in the halocline. Stagnant hydraulic conditions led to extensive diffusion profiles of several nutrients including calcium originating from the salt water body. Dissolved organic carbon from the fresh water is microbially oxidized in the upper part of the halocline, where a distinct redox zonation was identified from oxic to anoxic conditions. Degradation processes combined with slightly alkaline pH values as well as the diffusive transport of calcium into this zone may induce an increase in calcite oversaturation. Phylogenetic analysis of the community on the surface of the Hells Bells suggests the presence of microorganisms involved in the nitrogen-cycle, from which some potentially have the capability to increase the pH by autotrophic growth and denitrifying activity, thus supporting calcite precipitation. The growth of Hells Bells is strictly dependent on the elevation of the halocline. This offers a wide potential for the use of Hells Bells as archives of paleo-hydrological conditions during the Holocene, e.g. the variation of thickness of the fresh water lens on the Yucatán Peninsula.
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