Human health impact and economic effect for PM2.5 exposure in typical cities
Human health impact and economic effect for PM2.5 exposure in typical cities
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DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.173
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发表时间：
2019-09
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Siyuan Yang;D. Fang;Bin Chen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Siyuan Yang;D. Fang;Bin Chen
几十年来，由于与能源相关的密集生产和消费活动，城市一直遭受严重的空气污染。接触有害的PM2.5不仅会对人体健康造成影响，还会给社会和个人造成经济损失。本研究对中国北部典型城市PM2.5的健康影响及经济损失进行了评估。在这些城市，在寒冷的日子里，大量的能源被消耗在空间取暖上，这已被证明是PM2.5排放的主要贡献者。考虑到空间采暖利用率和PM2.5平均浓度的显著差异，本研究考察了2013年至2016年冬季和夏季PM2.5暴露对健康和福利的影响。采用调整后的人力资本法和疾病成本分别评估PM2.5相关疾病的过早死亡和医疗费用的经济损失。福利损失建议将PM2.5对个人造成的经济损失量化，根据医疗保健费用占个人可支配收入的比例计算。结果显示，在28个城市中，冬季与PM2.5相关的死亡和发病率大约是夏季的三倍。如果PM2.5的年平均浓度从目前的污染状况降至35 μg/m~3(国家卫生标准)，在研究期间，28个城市每年可节约 约164.6亿元，相当于国内生产总值的0.54%。省会城市的福利损失明显高于同省其他城市，这与省会城市较高的消费水平和生活质量有关。此外，农村家庭需要住院的患者比城市家庭更有可能陷入贫困，这加剧了农村居民从PM2.5相关疾病中康复的经济负担。对社会和个人健康影响和经济损失的估计是全面分析PM2.5暴露于人类的后果的组成部分，可以为政策制定者提供一些有洞察力的观察结果，以维护社会平等、福利和环境保护。
Cities have been suffering from severe air pollution for decades due to intensive energy related production and consumption activities. Exposure to hazardous PM2.5would not only trigger human health impact, but also result in an economic loss for both society and individual. In this study, the PM2.5-related health impact and corresponding economic loss are assessed in typical cities from north part of China. In these cities, huge amount of energy is consumed for space heating during the cold days, which has been proven to be the major contributor to PM2.5emissions. Considering the remarkable difference of space heating utilization and average PM2.5concentration, the study examines the health and welfare impact of PM2.5exposure in both winter season and summer season from 2013 to 2016. Adjusted human capital method and the cost of illness are applied to assess the economic loss of premature death and medical expenses on PM2.5-related diseases, respectively. Welfare loss is proposed to quantify the financial damages caused by PM2.5to the individual, which is calculated based on the proportion of health care expenses in disposable personal income. The results show that the number of cases for PM2.5-related mortality and morbidity during the winter season is about three times as much as that in summer season in 28 cities. If the annual average PM2.5concentration has decreased from the current polluted condition to 35 μg/m3(national health standard), about 16.46 billion Yuan, 0.54% of gross domestic product in 28 cities can be saved annually during the study period. The welfare loss in cities of provincial capital is obviously higher than other cities from the same province, which is associated with the higher consumption level and living quality of capital cities. Moreover, patients requiring hospital admission from rural household are more likely to be impoverished than that from urban household, which aggravates the economic burden of rural residents to recover from the suffer of PM2.5-related diseases. Estimation of the health impact and economic losses for the society and individual represent an integral part of a full analysis of the consequences of PM2.5exposure to human beings, which can provide some insightful observations for policy makers to keep the social equality, welfare and environment conservation.