Clinical neuropathology practice guide 5-2013: markers of neuronal maturation.
Clinical neuropathology practice guide 5-2013: markers of neuronal maturation.
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DOI：
10.5414/np300638
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发表时间：
2013-09
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Sarnat HB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sarnat HB
本文综述了应用于胎儿和新生儿脑组织切片的神经元谱系的免疫细胞化学和组织化学标记。随着组织向成熟结构的发展，它们决定单个神经细胞的成熟。从发育的角度来看，神经元标记物都与时间有关。这些不同的细胞标记可以以两种方式分类：1）表达开始的时间（早期;中期;晚期）; 2）亚细胞结构或代谢功能的标记（核蛋白;突触囊泡蛋白;烯醇化酶;细胞骨架元件;钙结合;核酸;线粒体）。除了这些成熟的阳性标志物外，其他阴性标志物在原始神经上皮细胞和成神经细胞成熟的早期阶段中表达，但在成熟的初始阶段后不再显示。这些检查与细胞水平上的正常神经胚胎学研究有关。在胎儿和围产期神经病理学中，它们提供了应用于脑畸形、先天性代谢紊乱和后天性胎儿损伤的控制标准，其中神经母细胞的成熟可能会改变。细胞分化异常的疾病，如结节性硬化症和偏侧巨脑畸形，构成了混合细胞谱系的另一个方面。在存活患者，特别是新生儿中，作为脑损伤生物标志物的烯醇化酶、嗜铬粒蛋白和S-100蛋白的血清和CSF水平的测量值可能与未存活婴儿尸检时相应的组织标志物相关。这里描述的神经病理学标志物可以在普通的医院实验室中进行，而不仅仅是研究设施，并在解释发育异常的胎儿和出生后大脑方面提供了另一个诊断精度的维度。
This review surveys immunocytochemical and histochemical markers of neuronal lineage for application to tissue sections of fetal and neonatal brain. They determine maturation of individual nerve cells as the tissue progresses to mature architecture. From a developmental perspective, neuronal markers are all about timing. These diverse cellular labels may be classified in two ways: 1) time of onset of expression (early; intermediate; late); 2) labeling of subcellular structures or metabolic functions (nucleoproteins; synaptic vesicle proteins; enolases; cytoskeletal elements; calcium-binding; nucleic acids; mitochondria). Apart from these positive markers of maturation, other negative markers are expressed in primitive neuroepithelial cells and early stages of neuroblast maturation, but no longer are demonstrated after initial stages of maturation. These examinations are relevant for studies of normal neuroembryology at the cellular level. In fetal and perinatal neuropathology they provide control criteria for application to malformations of the brain, inborn metabolic disorders and acquired fetal insults in which neuroblastic maturation may be altered. Disorders, in which cells differentiate abnormally, as in tuberous sclerosis and hemimegalencephaly, pose another yet aspect of mixed cellular lineage. The measurement in living patients, especially neonates, of serum and CSF levels of enolases, chromogranins and S-100 proteins as biomarkers of brain damage may potentially be correlated with their corresponding tissue markers at autopsy in infants who do not survive. The neuropathological markers here described can be performed in ordinary hospital laboratories, not just research facilities, and offer another dimension of diagnostic precision in interpreting abnormally developed fetal and postnatal brains.