Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources
Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1012021107
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发表时间：
2010-09-28
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Castilla, Juan C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gelcich, Stefan;Hughes, Terry P.;Castilla, Juan C.
海洋生态系统正在衰退。迫切需要在治理方面进行新的转型变革，以应对过度捕捞、污染、全球变化和其他退化驱动因素。在这里，我们探讨了智利沿海海洋资源治理转型的社会、政治和生态方面，从1980年到今天。转型初期准备阶段的关键要素是：(1)认识到资源存量的枯竭；(2)了解目标物种的生态学和复原力及其在生态系统动态中的作用；(3)在较小规模科学实验的基础上进行示范规模的实验，确定新的管理途径。这些试验改善了科学家和渔民之间的合作，整合了知识，建立了信任。政治动荡和资源存量崩溃提供了一个机会窗口，在新的授权立法的支持下，引发了转型。引导这一转变的基本要素是有能力将地方一级的知识联网，从而影响国家一级的决策过程，以及已有的渔民社会网络，通过全国手工捕鱼集体联盟提供政治杠杆。由此产生的治理方案包括一个革命性的国家海洋权属制度，将使用权和责任分配给渔民集体。虽然需要微调来建立这种新制度的弹性，但这种转变提高了相互关联的社会生态系统的可持续性。我们对这种转变如何展开的分析，为智利系统如何进一步发展提供了见解，并确定了改善全球海洋资源治理的一般途径。
Marine ecosystems are in decline. New transformational changes in governance are urgently required to cope with overfishing, pollution, global changes, and other drivers of degradation. Here we explore social, political, and ecological aspects of a transformation in governance of Chile's coastal marine resources, from 1980 to today. Critical elements in the initial preparatory phase of the transformation were (i) recognition of the depletion of resource stocks, (ii) scientific knowledge on the ecology and resilience of targeted species and their role in ecosystem dynamics, and (iii) demonstration-scale experimental trials, building on smaller-scale scientific experiments, which identified new management pathways. The trials improved cooperation among scientists and fishers, integrating knowledge and establishing trust. Political turbulence and resource stock collapse provided a window of opportunity that triggered the transformation, supported by new enabling legislation. Essential elements to navigate this transformation were the ability to network knowledge from the local level to influence the decision-making processes at the national level, and a preexisting social network of fishers that provided political leverage through a national confederation of artisanal fishing collectives. The resultant governance scheme includes a revolutionary national system of marine tenure that allocates user rights and responsibilities to fisher collectives. Although fine tuning is necessary to build resilience of this new regime, this transformation has improved the sustainability of the interconnected social-ecological system. Our analysis of how this transformation unfolded provides insights into how the Chilean system could be further developed and identifies generalized pathways for improved governance of marine resources around the world.