Evidence and Policy and Naming and Shaming
Evidence and Policy and Naming and Shaming
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证据和政策以及点名和羞辱
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Pawson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Pawson
关于以证据为基础的政策潜力的辩论现在正在如火如荼地进行，尽管对于我们将公共数据转化为公共服务的能力是否达到了顶峰或最低点，各方意见不一。显然，我们并不缺乏“证据”；方案评估员和政策分析员过多，他们的出版物--官方的、学术的和灰色的--过多。争论的焦点是综合这些证据的方法，这是一种名为“系统评估”的研究策略。特别是，对于如何处理公共政策中大多数部门常见的五花八门和有争议的证据基础，人们存在相当大的疑问。它能屈服于元分析这一正式的统计技术吗？如果不是，循证政策能达到循证医学所代表的严苛蓝图的精确度吗？本文试图超越这些陈旧的对立，提出一种基于现实主义评估原则的新的证据合成模式。在这一方法下，系统审查从数据驱动的工作转变为理论发展和完善的过程。这篇论文的核心是一个示范项目，包括对公开披露倡议的初步审查，这一政策更为人所知的是“点名羞辱”。审查了六项倡议，以形成羞耻制裁可能奏效的条件的基本理论。文章最后对这种“现实主义综合”过程可能如何影响政策制定进行了反思。
The debate on the potential of evidence-based policy is now in full flow, though opinions differ on whether we have reached zenith or nadir in our capacity to transform public data into public service. Clearly, we are not short of 'evidence'; there is a plethora of programme evaluators and policy analysts out there, and a surfeit of their publications - official, academic and grey. What is at issue is the method of synthesizing that evidence, a research strategy that goes by the name of 'systematic review'. In particular, there is considerable doubt about how to handle the variegated and contested evidence base that typifies most sectors of public policy. Can it ever be made to yield to the formal statistical techniques of meta-analysis? And if not, can evidence-based policy ever match the precision of the demanding blueprint represented by evidence-based medicine? This paper seeks to go beyond these old antagonisms by proposing a novel model of evidence synthesis based on the principles of realist evaluation. Under this approach, systematic review changes from a data-driven exercise to a process of theory development and refinement. The core of the paper is a demonstration project, consisting of an embryonic review of public disclosure initiatives, a policy better known as 'naming and shaming'. Six initiatives are examined in order to develop an elementary theory of the conditions under which shaming sanctions might work. The paper concludes with reflections on how such a process of 'realist synthesis' may feed into policy making.