The Group as the Container of Generalized Reciprocity
The Group as the Container of Generalized Reciprocity
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DOI：
10.2307/2695887
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发表时间：
2000-06
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
T. Yamagishi;T. Kiyonari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Yamagishi;T. Kiyonari
一项有91名日本参与者参与的实验结果证实了一个假设，即囚徒困境游戏的参与者在同时游戏中更愿意与群内成员合作，而不是与群外成员合作，但在顺序游戏中则不然。实验中使用的游戏是这样设计的：每个玩家从自己的300日元捐赠中拿出一部分给他或她的搭档。小组成员是根据参与者对克利或康定斯基画作的偏好来划分的；每个参与者分别与组内成员和组外成员玩了一次游戏。在同时博弈中，两名参与者同时决定给对方多少钱，而不知道对方会怎么做。在顺序游戏中，第一个玩家做出决定；然后第二个参与者跟进第一个参与者的行为。顺序游戏中的所有参与者实际上都扮演了第一个参与者的角色。Yamagishi和他的同事们认为，在最小群体中，群体内成员对普遍互惠的期望是群体内偏爱的来源，根据这一观点，他们预测了伙伴群体成员身份的差异效应。一群人与仅仅是一群人有明显的区别。例如，坐在机场候机厅的人几乎不构成一个群体，戴眼镜的人也不构成一个群体。他们有一些共同的特征，比如坐在同一个地方或戴着眼镜，但这并不能使他们成为一个群体。定义特征
The results of an experiment with 91 Japanese participants confirmed the hypothesis that players of a Prisoner's Dilemma game would cooperate more with an in-group member than with an out-group member in the simultaneous game but not in the sequential game. The game used in the experiment was constructed such that each player gave his or her partner a portion of his or her own endowment of 300 yen. The group membership was created on the basis of participant's preferences for Klee's or Kandinski's paintings; each participant played the game once with an in-group member and once with an out-group member. In the simultaneous game, the two players decided simultaneously how much to give to the partner without knowing what the partner would do. In the sequential game, the first player made the decision; then the second player followed with full information on the first player's behavior. All the participants in the sequential game in fact took the role of the first player. The differential effect of the partner's group membership had been predicted on the basis of Yamagishi and his colleagues' argument that expectations of generalized reciprocity from in-group members is the source of in-group favoritism in a minimal group. A group is clearly distinguished from a mere aggregate of people. People who sit in the waiting area of an airport, for example, hardly constitute a group, nor do all people who wear eyeglasses. They share certain characteristics such as sitting in the same place or wearing eyeglasses, but this does not make them a group. The defining feature