Understanding crop genetic diversity under modern plant breeding.
Understanding crop genetic diversity under modern plant breeding.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00122-015-2585-y
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发表时间：
2015-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fu YB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fu YB
为实现可持续农业，在最大限度提高作物产量的同时最大限度地减少作物歉收，需要更好地了解植物育种对作物遗传多样性的影响。这篇综述指出了知识差距，并表明有必要对植物育种下的遗传多样性变化进行更多的研究。现代植物育种对粮食生产产生了深刻影响，并将继续在世界粮食安全中发挥重要作用。对于可持续农业，应该在气候变化下最大限度地提高作物产量和最大限度地减少不利条件下的作物歉收之间寻求妥协。这样的妥协需要更好地了解植物育种对作物遗传多样性的影响。在过去的三十年里，人们利用分子标记技术对作物遗传多样性进行了评估。然而，这些评估揭示了一些时间多样性模式，这些模式在很大程度上与我们认为现代植物育种降低作物遗传多样性的看法不一致。本文试图通过对作物遗传多样性的经验评估和在人工选择条件下遗传多样性随时间变化的理论研究来解释这种差异。研究发现，许多作物遗传多样性评估的目的不是为了评估特定植物育种计划对多样性的影响，而其他评估在实验上是不充分的，并包含对品种和基因组采样的技术偏差。关于植物育种引起的作物遗传多样性变化的理论研究较少。对五种简化育种方案的计算机模拟表明，植物育种对世代保持杂合性有实质性影响。显然，需要在植物育种下在空间和时间上研究作物遗传多样性，以实现可持续的作物生产。本文的在线版本(doi：10.1007/s00122-0152585-y)包含补充材料，授权用户可以使用。
Maximizing crop yield while at the same time minimizing crop failure for sustainable agriculture requires a better understanding of the impacts of plant breeding on crop genetic diversity. This review identifies knowledge gaps and shows the need for more research into genetic diversity changes under plant breeding. Modern plant breeding has made a profound impact on food production and will continue to play a vital role in world food security. For sustainable agriculture, a compromise should be sought between maximizing crop yield under changing climate and minimizing crop failure under unfavorable conditions. Such a compromise requires better understanding of the impacts of plant breeding on crop genetic diversity. Efforts have been made over the last three decades to assess crop genetic diversity using molecular marker technologies. However, these assessments have revealed some temporal diversity patterns that are largely inconsistent with our perception that modern plant breeding reduces crop genetic diversity. An attempt was made in this review to explain such discrepancies by examining empirical assessments of crop genetic diversity and theoretical investigations of genetic diversity changes over time under artificial selection. It was found that many crop genetic diversity assessments were not designed to assess diversity impacts from specific plant breeding programs, while others were experimentally inadequate and contained technical biases from the sampling of cultivars and genomes. Little attention has been paid to theoretical investigations on crop genetic diversity changes from plant breeding. A computer simulation of five simplified breeding schemes showed the substantial effects of plant breeding on the retention of heterozygosity over generations. It is clear that more efforts are needed to investigate crop genetic diversity in space and time under plant breeding to achieve sustainable crop production. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-015-2585-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.