Economic diversification and poverty in rural India
Economic diversification and poverty in rural India
复制标题
印度农村的经济多元化和贫困
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Peter Lanjouw
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yoko Kijima;Peter Lanjouw
本文分析了1987-88年、1993-94年和1999-00年的全国抽样调查数据，以探讨农村多样化与贫困之间的关系。虽然对1990年代贫穷下降的速度没有什么共识，但本报告提供的区域一级估计数表明，农村贫穷总体下降缓慢。与早先的估计不同，这里的估计与国家统计局关于农业工资率变化的区域数据相关性很好。该文件表明，农业工资就业随着时间的推移而增加，越来越多的农业劳动者没有受过教育，种姓地位低下。总体而言，非农业部门在1990年代没有明显增长。非农业就业通常与教育水平和社会地位有关，而这在穷人中是罕见的。计量经济学估计证实，减贫与农业工资和就业水平的关系比与非农业就业增长的关系更密切。然而，非农业就业的扩大通过对农业工资的影响间接影响贫穷。I. 1.印度经济在过去15年中的表现在印度国内和国际社会都受到广泛赞扬。增长速度大大超过了前几十年的正常水平;而摆脱这种情况在以前似乎是如此难以捉摸。看来已经取得了一定程度的势头，为该国广大人口的人均收入水平的快速和持续增长带来了希望。然而，尚不清楚的是印度整体经济进步在多大程度上转化为减贫。令人担忧的是，虽然总体上取得了长足的进步，但并非所有群体都从这种增长中平等受益。特别是，不清楚在过去十年中农村穷人的生活水平有多大的显著改善。在本文中，我们提出的证据，从家庭调查数据的三个相互关联的主题，以确定农村生活水平是否有显着改善，随着时间的推移。我们首先回顾了1987-88年、1993-94年和1999-00年进行的三次大规模调查中关于印度农村贫困的证据。我们注意到，对于1990年代的贫困下降率，人们几乎没有达成共识，这是因为消费的可比性问题得到了充分讨论。
This paper analyses National Sample Survey data for 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-00 to explore the relationship between rural diversification and poverty. While there is little consensus regarding the rate of poverty decline during the 1990s, the regionlevel estimates provided here suggest that aggregate rural poverty fell slowly. Unlike earlier estimates, the estimates here correlate well with region-level NSS data on changes in agricultural wage rates. The paper shows that agricultural wage employment has grown over time, and that a growing fraction of agricultural labourers are uneducated and have low caste status. On aggregate the non-farm sector has not grown appreciably during the 1990s. Non-farm employment is generally associated with education levels and social status that are rare among the poor. Econometric estimates confirm that poverty reduction is more closely associated with agricultural wages and employment levels than with non-farm employment growth. However, expansion of non-farm employment influences poverty indirectly, via an impact on agricultural wages. I. INTRODUCTION The performance of the Indian economy during the past decade-and-a-half has been widely applauded both within India and in the international community. Growth has accelerated substantially beyond the sluggish rates that were the norm in earlier decades; and from which escape had previously seemed so elusive. A degree of momentum appears to have been achieved that holds out a promise for rapid, and sustained, growth in per-capita income levels for the country’s vast population. What is less clear, however, is the extent to which overall economic progress has translated into poverty reduction in India. There is a concern that while great strides were achieved on aggregate, not all segments of the population may have benefited equally from this growth. In particular, it is unclear as to how far the rural poor have seen marked improvements in living standards during the past decade. In this paper we present evidence from household survey data on three inter-related topics in an effort to ascertain whether rural living standards have improved significantly over time. We first review evidence on rural poverty in India from three large-scale surveys carried out in 1987-88, 1993-94 and 1999-00. We note that there is little consensus as to the rate of poverty decline during the 1990s, due to well-discussed problems of comparability in the consumption