Content and Context: The Paratactic Theory Revisited and Revised
Content and Context: The Paratactic Theory Revisited and Revised
复制标题
内容和背景：并列理论的重新审视和修订
作者：
I. Rumfitt
(2)伽利略说过的一件事是地球在运动。阅读这最后一句话，可以说，人们会得出这样的结论：在存在的事物中有被说的事物，即传统上被称为命题的事物。如果这一点是正确的，那么对自然语言进行系统研究的一个重要部分似乎就是确定哪些命题是由哪些陈述性话语表达的。刚刚提到的思想可能是熟悉的，因为在一个时期后，他们被诅咒为“黑暗的生物”，1命题最近正在享受一个复兴之间的宗教正统。详细讨论第（2）句“直接”阅读可能带来的困难已不再是时髦的做法。相反，注意力已经转向了那些据说存在的命题的性质。特别是，我们被要求考虑是否有富有成效的理论鉴定之间的命题和：可能的世界在Stalnaker风格的集合;集合理论的组合的对象和性质的风格罗素;或组合的元素在一些“第三领域”，在弗雷格的风格。然而，仔细阅读这场争论中最有影响力的各方的著作，很快就会发现他们共同的一个基本假设：
(2) Among the things said by Galileo was that the earth moves. Reading this last sentence straight, so to speak, one is led to conclude that among the things-that-there-are are things-that-are-said, things traditionally called propositions. If that much is right, then it seems that an important part of any systematic investigation into natural language will be to determine which propositions are expressed by which declarative utterances. The thought just adumbrated is likely to be familiar, for after a period in which they were anathematized as "creatures of darkness",1 propositions have lately been enjoying a revival among the philosophically orthodox. It is no longer fashionable to dwell upon the difficulties that might attend the "straight" reading of sentence (2). Rather, attention has turned to the nature of the propositions that are there said to exist. In particular, we are asked to consider whether there are fruitful theoretical identifications to be made between propositions and either: sets of possible worlds in the style of Stalnaker; set-theoretical combinations of objects and properties in the style of Russell; or combinations of elements in some "third realm", in the style of Frege. A perusal of the writings of the most influential parties to this controversy, however, soon reveals a fundamental assumption which they share: