Ecosystem services in agriculture: understanding the multifunctional role of invertebrates
Ecosystem services in agriculture: understanding the multifunctional role of invertebrates
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DOI：
10.1111/afe.12248
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发表时间：
2018-05
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Manu E. Saunders
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Manu E. Saunders
生态系统服务概念是在20世纪80年代和90年代发展起来的，目的是促进人们对自然对人类生存和福祉至关重要的理解(Westman，1977；Ehrlich&Mooney，1983；Daily，1997)。当然，这个想法并不新鲜。几千年来，人类一直很欣赏大自然提供的好处。然而，将这一概念纳入现代科学并开发有意义的方法来量化和评估生态系统服务是复杂的。对这一概念也存在广泛的误解。尽管许多关于生态系统服务的文献都集中在经济学和会计系统上，但生态系统服务的概念并不是简单地为自然定价。作为一个概念框架，它直接应用于对与人类相互作用的物种和系统的基础和应用研究。量化物种及其相互作用如何给人类带来好处，是为生物多样性保护方案和可持续生产系统提供信息的有价值的方式。生态系统服务与农业系统特别相关，因为农业系统为人类社区提供食物、纤维和生计。农业生态系统的生态可持续管理(即平衡粮食和纤维生产与保护生物多样性和生态系统功能的管理)对于满足人类日益增长的需求至关重要。实现这一目标的一个关键挑战是了解植物-动物和动物-动物相互作用如何在产量、质量或数量的增加或其他生产效益方面为农场提供生态系统服务。野生动物通过它们在农业生态系统中的活动和相互作用，每天产生生态成本和收益。并非所有这些互动都会影响最终收益，许多互动的结果可能会因环境而异。然而，大多数人将几乎所有野生动物分类群与简化的正面和负面标签联系在一起(例如，蜜蜂总是有益的，而蚜虫总是有害的)。现实要复杂得多(Saunders等人，2016)。实现可持续农业目标需要农业科学家、昆虫学家和生态学家之间加强合作和沟通。不幸的是，这些学科的知识开发传统上是孤立的。在最近对农业生态系统中鸟类和昆虫活动的成本和收益进行量化的研究综述中，我们
The ecosystem services concept was developed in the 1980s and 1990s to promote the understanding that nature is essential for human survival and well-being (Westman, 1977; Ehrlich & Mooney, 1983; Daily, 1997). Of course, this idea is not new. Humans have appreciated the benefits nature provides for millennia. However, incorporating the concept into modern science and developing meaningful ways to quantify and value ecosystem services has been complicated. There are also broad misconceptions about the concept. Although much of the literature on ecosystem services has focused on economics and accounting systems, the concept is not simply about ‘putting a price on nature’. As a conceptual framework, it has direct application to basic and applied research on species and systems that interact with humans. Quantifying how species and their interactions provide benefits to humans is a valuable way to inform biodiversity conservation programmes and sustainable production systems. Ecosystem services are particularly relevant to agricultural systems, which provide food, fibre and livelihoods for human communities. Ecologically sustainable management of agroecosystems (i.e. management that balances production of food and fibre with conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem function) is essential for meeting the growing needs of humanity. A key challenge in achieving this goal is to understand how plant–animal and animal–animal interactions provide ecosystem services on farms, in terms of increases in yield quality or quantity, or other production benefits. Wild animals produce ecological costs and benefits daily via their activity and interactions within agroecosystems. Not all of these interactions will affect final yields, and the outcome of many interactions can vary with context. Yet most people associate almost all wild animal taxa with simplified positive and negative labels (e.g. bees are always beneficial and aphids are always pests). The reality is far more complex (Saunders et al., 2016). Achieving sustainable agriculture goals requires greater collaboration and communication between agricultural scientists, entomologists and ecologists. Unfortunately, knowledge development in these disciplines has traditionally been isolated. In a recent review of studies quantifying the costs and benefits of bird and insect activity in agroecosystems, we