With power comes responsibility: Human rights protection in United Nations sanctions policy
With power comes responsibility: Human rights protection in United Nations sanctions policy
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权力越大，责任越大：联合国制裁政策中的人权保护
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
M. Heupel
中科院分区：
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作者：
M. Heupel
侵犯人权的能力和保护人权的责任传统上被归于国家。然而，由于国际组织越来越多地做出直接影响个人的决定，据称它们也负有人权义务。在这一背景下，我们可以看到国际组织中的一种趋势，即制定条款，防止侵犯人权行为，并使个人能够追究他们对这种侵犯行为的责任。这可以被视为一种更普遍的趋势的具体表现，这种趋势被描述为善治标准向国际组织的传播或国际组织的宪法化。本文的目的是揭示国际组织引入人权保护条款的机制。本文的经验基础构成了对联合国制裁政策中此类规定演变的个案研究。我首先开发一个概念框架，借鉴扩散机制，已被用来解释国家之间的规范和制度设计的传播，并跟踪国际组织的改革进程。经验分析表明，羞辱、蔑视、诉讼和学习事例可以说明联合国制裁政策中人权保护规定的进步：安全理事会受到并应对来自各种不同行为体的各种形式的压力。与此同时，有人向委员会提出了关于委员会为何应进行改革的论点，并就这种改革应采取何种形式提出了咨询意见，并要求委员会开展一个学习过程。
The ability to violate and the duty to protect human rights have traditionally been ascribed to states. Yet, since international organizations increasingly take decisions that directly affect individuals, it has been alleged that they, too, have human rights obligations. Against this background, we can witness a trend among international organizations establishing provisions to prevent human rights violations and to enable individuals to hold them accountable for such violations. This can be seen as a specific manifestation of a more general trend that has been described as the spread of good governance standards to, or the constitutionalization of, international organizations. The purpose of this article is to reveal the mechanisms that can account for the introduction of human rights protection provisions in international organizations. The empirical basis of the article forms a case study on the evolution of such provisions in United Nations sanctions policy. I first develop a conceptual framework that draws on diffusion mechanisms that have been used to explain the spread of norms and institutional design among states and to trace reform processes in international organizations. The empirical analysis suggests that shaming, defiance, litigation and instances of learning can account for the advancement of human rights protection provisions in United Nations sanctions policy: the Security Council was exposed to and responded to various forms of pressure from a variety of different actors. At the same time, it was approached with arguments concerning why it should institute reforms and advice in terms of how such reforms should look and engaged in a learning process.