Drudgery, accidents and injuries in Indian agriculture.
Drudgery, accidents and injuries in Indian agriculture.
复制标题
印度农业中的苦差事、事故和伤害。
作者：
P. Nag;A. Nag
印度农业雇佣了2.25亿劳动力，覆盖了1.4亿公顷的耕地。尽管迅速实现了农业机械化(例如1.49亿台农业机械)，但广大资源贫乏的家庭耕作主要依赖传统方法(例如，5.2亿件手工工具和3700万件动物牵引工具在运行)。在作物生产活动中，单调乏味的工作、创伤事故和伤害是审查人类工效学干预和改进工作选择的主要问题。该综述总结了人类在农作物生产活动中的能量消耗，以评估工作的严重性、工具和机械，并制定重组工作和工作方法的依据。虽然农业机械化在印度北部较多，但事故更多发生在印度南部的村庄。四个地区平均发生拖拉机事故(翻车、坠落等)。其次是脱粒机(14.6%)、喷雾器/除尘器(12.2%)、甘蔗压榨机(8.1%)和割谷机(7.8%)。大多数致命事故是由动力机械造成的，年死亡率估计为每10万名农民中有22人死亡。与手工具有关的伤害(占总事故的8%)是非致命的。尽管颁布了立法，但现场使用的机械的生产和监测方面的缺陷可能是造成事故率高的原因(例如，印度南部每年发生42起脱粒机事故/1,000台机械脱粒机)。由于当地工匠缺乏技术能力，坚持安全和设计标准对农村制造的工具来说是不切实际的。分析强调，有效的安全和健康管理可以通过立法使地方基础设施，如区块发展管理局和初级保健服务，渗透到农业部门的职业健康和安全工作做法中。
The Indian farming employs 225 million workforce to cover 140 million hectares of total cultivated land. In spite of rapid farm mechanization (e.g., 149 million farm machinery), the vast resource-poor family farming has primary dependence on traditional methods (e.g., 520 million hand tools and 37 million animal-drawn implements are in operation). The work drudgery, the traumatic accidents and injuries are the major concerns to examine options for ergonomics intervention and betterment of work in crop production activities. This review summarizes human energy expenditure in crop production activities, to assess the job severity, tools and machinery, and formulate the basis to reorganize work and work methods. While the farm mechanization is more in the northern India, the accidents were more in the villages in southern India. On average of the four regions, the tractor incidents (overturning, falling from the tractor, etc.) were highest (27.7%), followed by thresher (14.6%), sprayer/duster (12.2%), sugarcane crusher (8.1%) and chaff cutter (7.8%) accidents. Most of the fatal accidents resulted from the powered machinery, with the annual fatality rate estimated as 22 per 100,000 farmers. The hand tools related injuries (8% of the total accidents) were non-fatal in nature. In spite of the enactment of legislation, the shortcomings in production and monitoring of the machinery in field use may be responsible for the high rate of accidents (e.g., 42 thresher accidents/1,000 mechanical threshers/year in southern India). Due to the lack of technical capability of the local artisans, adhering to safety and design standards is impractical to the implements fabricated in the rural areas. The analysis emphasizes that the effective safety and health management may be possible through legislative enabling of the local infra-structure, such as block development authority and primary health services, to permeate occupational health and safe work practices in the farming sector.