The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.
The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women.
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作者：
Haq W;Raza SH;Mahmood T
在地球仪各地，已实施封城措施以应对COVID-19疫情。这种封锁加上学校关闭和呆在家里的命令，使妇女在承担更大的责任和与虐待伴侣（如果有的话）在一起的时间更长方面更容易受到伤害。本研究通过关注妇女的幸福感和询问暴力发生率，调查了COVID-19导致的封锁期间妇女的状况。使用零膨胀负二项模型，我们的研究结果确定，家庭环境，与配偶的关系类型和年龄显着影响封锁期间暴力的积极计数。我们进一步估计了幸福感的决定因素，发现受教育年限、女性在家庭决策中的角色以及被赋予权力的感觉都会影响她们的幸福感。受过高等教育的妇女更有可能实现零暴力。失业妇女和不工作的妇女与工作妇女相比，零暴力的可能性更高。在COVID-19大流行后的封锁期间，生活在城市地区、受过高等教育、家庭收入足以支付支出、焦虑较少、不会面临暴力、丈夫在身边时感到有权力以及拥有更高决策权的女性更快乐。该研究在封锁期间对妇女造成的幸福和暴力的背景下很重要，并为改进大流行病应对政策提供了基础。将妇女的安全和幸福纳入大流行病应对政策，对于确保妇女的福祉和制定更好的卫生和经济政策至关重要。我们的估计表明，高等教育导致暴力发生率降低，这可以被认为是建立健康，富有成效和幸福的社区的理想结果。除此之外，由于疫情引发的封锁可能导致包括巴基斯坦在内的地球仪失业率上升，因此，根据我们对失业在暴力事件中的作用的估计，决策者应部署更多资源以增加收入并应对失业率上升。作为这些政策干预的一个反直觉的结果，暴力发生率将受到抑制，教育程度和妇女赋权将得到提高，这肯定会增加幸福感。
Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any. This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness. Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier. The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women’s safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.