Harbour porpoise distribution can vary at small spatiotemporal scales in energetic habitats
Harbour porpoise distribution can vary at small spatiotemporal scales in energetic habitats
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DOI：
10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.07.002
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发表时间：
2017-07-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Wilson, Ben
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benjamins, Steven;van Geel, Nienke;Wilson, Ben
海洋生境异质性是物种分布的基础，可以通过物理和生物驱动因素在多个时空尺度上的相互作用产生。全世界都在使用被动声监测来研究海洋工业活动对鲸目动物的潜在影响，但对小时空尺度（< 1公里，< 1天）动物场地使用情况的了解仍然有限。通过在波能试验场（欧洲海洋能源中心[Billia Croo，奥克尼]）部署密集阵列的C-POD被动声探测器，并通过一个小的潮汐流站点（Scarba [内赫布里底群岛]），研究了两个苏格兰海洋可再生能源开发（MRED）站点内的发声港口鼠海豚（Phocoena phocoena）分布的小规模变化。每个阵列由7个和11个系泊装置组成，每个系泊装置包含两个C-POD，部署时间长达55天。最小系泊距离在300-600 m之间变化。所有C-POD数据均以整分钟的时间分辨率进行分析，根据是否存在鼠海豚点击序列（鼠海豚阳性分钟数/PPM），将每分钟分为1或0。使用广义加性模型（GAMs）和广义估计方程（GEES）分析海豚检测率。虽然有许多海豚检测（波浪测试站点：N= 3，432;潮流站点：N= 17，366），但两个阵列内的每日检测率差异显著。在测波站阵列（直径小于1公里）内，平均每日探测率为43至14.8 PPM/天。在潮汐流阵列（直径< 2公里）内，平均每日检测率为10.3至49.7 PPM/天。两个阵列内单个系泊的GAM-GEE模型结果表明，海豚的存在与不同环境协变量（例如，潮汐阶段，一天中的时间）。海豚的检测率差异很大，但系泊之间的连贯模式只有几百米远，在几个小时内。这些模式大概有生态relevance.These结果表明，在积极活跃和异质性的地区，江豚可以显示显着的时空变化，在数百米和小时的尺度上的网站使用。使用单独系泊的PAM探测器（基于现场的鲸目动物监测的一种常见做法）时，将无法识别这种变化，但可能与MRED和其他沿海开发的基于现场的影响评估高度相关。因此，PAM阵列包括分布在一个网站上的几个探测器，似乎是一个更合适的工具，研究特定地点的鲸类利用时空异质性栖息地，并评估在小规模的沿海和近岸发展的潜在影响。(C)2016作者由Elsevier Ltd.发布。这是CC BY许可下的开放获取文章
Marine habitat heterogeneity underpins species distribution and can be generated through interactions between physical and biological drivers at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is used worldwide to study potential impacts of marine industrial activities on cetaceans, but understanding of animals' site use at small spatiotemporal scales (< 1 km, < 1 day) remains limited. Small-scale variability in vocalising harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) distribution within two Scottish marine renewable energy development (MRED) sites was investigated by deploying dense arrays of C-POD passive acoustic detectors at a wave energy test site (the European Marine Energy Centre [Billia Croo, Orkney]) and by a minor tidal-stream site (Scarba [Inner Hebrides]). Respective arrays consisted of 7 and 11 moorings containing two C-PODs each and were deployed for up to 55 days. Minimum inter mooring distances varied between similar to 300-600 m. All C-POD data were analysed at a temporal resolution of whole minutes, with each minute classified as 1 or 0 on the basis of presence/absence of porpoise click trains (Porpoise-Positive Minutes/PPMs). Porpoise detection rates were analysed using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) with Generalised Estimation Equations (GEES).Although there were many porpoise detections (wave test site: N=3,432; tidal-stream site: N=17,366), daily detection rates varied significantly within both arrays. Within the wave site array (< 1 km diameter), average daily detection rates varied from 43 to 14.8 PPMs/day. Within the tidal stream array (< 2 km diameter), average daily detection rates varied from 10.3 to 49.7 PPMs/day. GAM-GEE model results for individual moorings within both arrays indicated linkages between porpoise presence and small-scale heterogeneity among different environmental covariates (e.g., tidal phase, time of day). Porpoise detection rates varied considerably but with coherent patterns between moorings only several hundred metres apart and within hours. These patterns presumably have ecological relevance.These results indicate that, in energetically active and heterogeneous areas, porpoises can display significant spatiotemporal variability in site use at scales of hundreds of metres and hours. Such variability will not be identified when using solitary moored PAM detectors (a common practice for site-based cetacean monitoring), but may be highly relevant for site-based impact assessments of MRED and other coastal developments. PAM arrays encompassing several detectors spread across a site therefore appear to be a more appropriate tool to study site-specific cetacean use of spatiotemporally heterogeneous habitat and assess the potential impacts of coastal and nearshore developments at small scales. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license