The antecedents of women's external locus of control: Associations with characteristics of their parents and their early childhood.
The antecedents of women's external locus of control: Associations with characteristics of their parents and their early childhood.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00236
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发表时间：
2017-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Nowicki S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Golding J;Gregory S;Iles-Caven Y;Nowicki S
控制点（Locus of Control，缩写为LCL）是一种基于行为方式来衡量个体对自身影响能力的预期。他们越相信自己的行为与发生在他们身上的事情有关，他们就越内向。相反，他们越是认为发生在他们身上的事情是他们无法控制的，是由运气、命运、机会或其他有权势的人决定的，他们就越是外在的。大量的研究结果表明，外部性焦虑（external acute respiratory syndrome，ACEI）与许多不利的个人，社会，学术和健康结果有关。尽管它在人类行为的许多领域都很重要，但人们对促成这些期望的个体早期背景的特征知之甚少。这是许多研究中的第一个，这些研究表明了高胆固醇可能的前因和后果。这项研究利用了雅芳父母和孩子纵向研究（ALSPAC）收集的数据，该研究始于1991-1992年英格兰西南部地区居民的怀孕研究。超过12000名在怀孕期间登记的妇女在怀孕中期完成了一组问题，从中计算出了一个评分。CQC被定义为大于中位数的分数。首先将女性父母特征与其幼儿期（<6岁）的关系视为未校正的比值比，然后在使用逐步logistic回归的分层集进行分析后进行校正。使用拟合优度（GOF）测量对女性的COVC的相对贡献。分析表明，母亲和父亲的背景以及她幼儿期（<6岁）的特征具有独立的重要性。最终的模型确定了9个独立的特征（每个P < 0.0001）：母亲的出生年份，母亲和父亲的教育水平，父亲吸烟，母亲怀孕时吸烟，研究女性的出生年份，她的哥哥姐姐的数量，她的父亲在此期间是否缺席，以及她是否在研究地区度过了童年。总之，女性的情绪似乎独立地受到一些特征的影响，这些特征可能为可能的机制提供线索，以及内在性在未来如何得到支持。随后的论文将评估童年后期的特征是否会影响女性的行为，以及研究中男性的行为是否有类似的前因。
Locus of control (LOC) measures individuals’ expectancies regarding their ability to affect what happens to them based on how they behave. The more they believe their behaviour has something to do with what happens to them the more internal they are. In contrast the more they perceive that what happens to them is beyond their control and determined by luck, fate, chance or powerful others the more external they are. Copious research findings suggest that external LOC (ELOC) is associated with many adverse personal, social, academic and health outcomes. In spite of its importance in so many areas of human behaviour relatively little is known about the features of the early background of individuals that contributes to these expectancies. This is the first in a number of studies that will suggest possible antecedents and consequences of having a high ELOC. The study takes advantage of the data collected in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), which started by studying pregnancies in 1991–1992 of residents in an area of south-west England. Over 12000 of the women who enrolled during pregnancy completed a set of questions in mid-pregnancy from which an LOC score was computed. ELOC was defined as a score greater than the median. The relationships with characteristics of the women’s parents and her early childhood (<6 years) are considered first as unadjusted odds ratios and then as adjusted after analysis using hierarchical sets of stepwise logistic regressions. The relative contributions to the women’s ELOC was measured using a goodness-of-fit (GOF) measure. The analyses demonstrated the independent importance of maternal and paternal backgrounds as well as features of her early childhood (<6 years). The final model identified nine independent features (each with P < 0.0001): year of birth of her mother, maternal and paternal education levels, father smoked, mother smoked when pregnant, year of birth of study woman, the number of older siblings she had, whether her father was absent during this period, and whether she spent her childhood in the study area. In conclusion, the woman’s LOC appears to be independently influenced by a number of characteristics which may give clues as to possible mechanisms—and how internality may be supported in the future. Subsequent papers will assess both whether features of later childhood influence the woman’s LOC and whether the LOC of men in the study have similar antecedents.