‘ Hostis Humani Generis ’ — The Pirate as Outlaw in the Early Modern Law of the Sea
‘ Hostis Humani Generis ’ — The Pirate as Outlaw in the Early Modern Law of the Sea
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“Hostis Humani Generis”——现代早期海洋法中的海盗
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发表时间：
2007
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通讯作者：
C. Harding
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作者：
C. Harding
本次讨论的目的是探讨 1550 年至 1650 年期间海盗行为的法律认知，主要参考英文资料。盗版行为如何被定性和定义为法律监管问题？该时期针对盗版行为的此类法律的执行性质和程度如何？本次调查的出发点是传统的法律观点，即海盗行为是一种独特的犯罪行为形式。根据这一观点，历史上海盗行为代表了一种不寻常的个人行为，直接受国际法和国内法规则的约束，是一种“国际犯罪”，海盗是“全人类的敌人”——“hostis humanigeneris”。在法律史和国际法的叙述中，这种分类将海盗罪犯提升到了一种特殊的地位，作为一种特殊的、严重的犯罪分子，其行为受到了普遍的谴责——几乎是二十世纪后期典型的国际罪犯——战犯的前身。首先，本章讨论了将海盗视为一种特殊犯罪类型的标准描述的有效性，然后再更详细地考察现代早期关于海盗行为的法律观点。我的论点将试图限定和澄清人们通常所理解的“人类主机”这一描述，然后指出在十八世纪之交对海盗行为更加明确的刑事定罪之前，十六世纪和十七世纪早期对海盗活动的矛盾看法。
The purpose of this discussion is to explore the legal perception of maritime piracy, primarily with reference to English source material, during the period 1550–1650. How was piracy characterized and defined as a matter of legal regulation and what was the nature and extent of the enforcement of such law dealing with piracy during that period? The starting point for this enquiry is the conventional legal view of maritime piracy as a distinctive form of criminal behaviour. According to this view, historically piracy has represented an unusual case of personal and individual behaviour directly subject to rules of international as well as national law, as a species of ‘international crime’, the pirate being the ‘enemy of all humankind’ — ‘hostis humani generis’. In accounts of legal history and international law, this categorization has elevated the pirate offender to a special status, as an exceptional and serious kind of criminal, whose behaviour has been subject to universal condemnation — almost a precursor of the archetypal international criminal of the later twentieth century, the war criminal. First this chapter considers the validity of this standard depiction of the pirate as an exceptional type of criminal, before examining in more detail the early modern legal view of piracy. My argument will seek to qualify and clarify what is often understood by the description ‘hostis humani generis’, and then point to the ambivalent view of piratical activity during the sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries, prior to the much more definite criminalization of piracy at the turn of the eighteenth century.