MORTALITY FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEAF-MINING STAGES OF PHYLLONORYCTER (LEPIDOPTERA, GRACILLARIIDAE) ON OAK AND BIRCH .1. ANALYSIS OF THE MORTALITY FACTORS
MORTALITY FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEAF-MINING STAGES OF PHYLLONORYCTER (LEPIDOPTERA, GRACILLARIIDAE) ON OAK AND BIRCH .1. ANALYSIS OF THE MORTALITY FACTORS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01103.x
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发表时间：
1979-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
SHAW, MR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ASKEW, RR;SHAW, MR
叶甲各生活阶段的死亡率。1974年，在柴郡的一个地方[英格兰，英国]调查了橡树和桦树的开采树叶中的维生素C。叶蝉属大部分是二化性的，但P. cavella是一化性的。寄生和寄主喂养（捕食）由Hyquitera造成的死亡率最高。寄生是最重的第1代，外寄生占主导地位，虽然内寄生造成更多的死亡率在第2代。寄主喂养的发病率增加到落叶时，更多的地雷含有寄主喂养的仍然比寄生虫或健康的Phyllonorycter。寄主喂养发生，特别是在第一个3（汁液喂养）幼虫龄期;外寄生主要影响随后的2（组织喂养）幼虫阶段和pupestion和内寄生发生在所有阶段，虽然受影响的主机被杀死，只有从第4幼虫龄期起。第一代以组织饲养者死亡率最高，第二代以树液饲养者死亡率最高。总死亡率是最大的第二代矿山，并在给定的一代，Phyllonorycter的生存曲线是相似的两个树种。第二代地雷相对于第一代地雷的观测密度高于根据第一代死亡率预测的密度。这是讨论。
Mortality of life stages of Phyllonorycter spp. in mined leaves of oak and birch was investigated in a Cheshire locality [England, UK] during 1974. Phyllonorycter spp. are mostly bivoltine, but P. cavella is univoltine. Parasitism and host-feeding (predation) by Hymenoptera caused most mortality. Parasitism was heaviest in the 1st generations, with ectoparasitism predominating, although endoparasitism caused more mortality in the 2nd generations. The incidence of host-feeding increased to leaf-fall when more mines contained host-fed remains than either parasites or healthy Phyllonorycter. Host-feeding occurred particularly in the first 3 (sap-feeding) larval instars; ectoparsitism affected mainly the 2 subsequent (tissue-feeding) larval stages and pupae and endoparasitism occurred in all stages, although affected hosts are killed only from the 4th larval instar onwards. Highest mortality was suffered by tissue feeders in the 1st generation, but by sap feeders in the second. Total mortality was greatest in 2nd generation mines, and, in a given generation, survival curves for Phyllonorycter were similar on both tree species. The observed density of 2nd generation mines relative to first in the sample was higher than predicted from 1st generation mortality levels. This is discussed.