Medieval landscapes and lordship in South Uist
Medieval landscapes and lordship in South Uist
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南尤伊斯特的中世纪风景和领主地位
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发表时间：
2005
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通讯作者：
J. Raven
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作者：
J. Raven
本文通过历史文献、口头传统、文化景观、纪念碑和定居模式来考察中世纪南尤伊斯特的社会和领主结构。在本文中，中世纪时期被定义为c。1000和C。1650.历史证据被认为是沿着与考古证据创造一个全面的了解中世纪的社会发展在南尤伊斯特。研究结果对解释整个苏格兰和爱尔兰的同时代社会有着深远的影响。该研究侧重于农村定居点（农场、乡镇、田间和季节性放牧系统）和高级纪念碑（教堂、沙丘和城堡）。历史和考古记录中可见的发展表明，在整个中世纪，南尤伊斯特的景观中发生了相当大的社会，经济和文化变化。然而，证据的性质将研究分为两个时间范围：挪威时期，c。1000 - c。1400年，中世纪晚期，C。1550 - c。1650.这一时期的遗骸很难找到。
挪威时期的景观特点是分散的农场，可能坐落在一个封闭的领域系统。这些农庄很可能起源于维京海盗时代定居者的家园。从11世纪到14世纪末，出现了社会和经济集中化的趋势，并建立了日益正规化的社会等级制度：这一趋势的表现可以在考古记录和新的税收制度中看到。在考古学上，这一点可以从农场规模的日益分化中得到揭示，其中最大的农场也表现出工业和农业控制的迹象。社会分化的加剧还反映在人工制品组合中。
This thesis examines the structures of society and lordship in the Middle Ages in South Uist through historical documentation, oral-tradition, cultural landscapes, monuments and settlement patterns. In this thesis, the medieval period has been defined as that between c. 1000 and c. 1650. The historical evidence is considered along with archaeological evidence to create a holistic understanding of medieval social developments in South Uist. The results have ramifications for interpreting contemporaneous society throughout Scotland and Ireland. The study focuses on rural settlement (farms, townships, field- and transhumance-systems) and high-status monuments (churches, duns and castles). Developments visible in both the historical and archaeological record demonstrate that considerable social, economic and cultural changes took place within the landscape of South Uist throughout the Middle Ages. However, the nature of the evidence polarises the study into two time spheres: the Norse period, c. 1000 - c. 1400, and the Late Medieval period, c. 1550 - c. 1650. Remains belonging to the intervening period have proved difficult to locate.
The Norse period landscape was characterised by dispersed farmsteads, possibly siting within an enclosed field-system. It is probable that these farmsteads originated as the homesteads of Viking Age settlers. Between the eleventh century and the end of the 1300s, there was a trend towards social and economic centralisation and the creation of an increasingly formalised social hierarchy: manifestations of this can be seen in the archaeological record and a new system of taxation. Archaeologically this is revealed by increasing divergence in the sizes of farmsteads, the largest of which also exhibit signs of industrial and agricultural control. Increased social differentiation is additionally reflected in artefact assemblages.