Representative Democracy
Representative Democracy
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代议制民主
DOI：
10.4135/9781446214817.n42
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Robert A. Dahl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maija Setälä;Robert A. Dahl
在他的著名著作《民主及其批评》（1989年）中，罗伯特·A。达尔认为，从历史上看，民主有两次转型。这些转变带来了不同的民主治理模式和对民主概念的不同解释。达尔所说的第一次转型指的是古典民主模式在希腊城邦中的出现，尤其是在公元前世纪的雅典。古典的雅典民主是建立在公民直接参与民众议会决策和大量选举某些公职人员的基础上的。直到19世纪，雅典模式一直是解释民主概念的方式的缩影。第二次转型是指18世纪末和世纪民族国家中现代代议制民主的出现。对民主的现代解释尤其在19世纪发生了演变.这一概念的中心特征是由民众选举产生的代表来作出政治决定。为了理解为什么代表制原则已经成为现代民主的一个关键因素，指出古典民主和现代民主模式之间的两个区别是有益的。首先，政治单位的规模不同。古典民主在小城市国家中蓬勃发展，而现代民主则在拥有广阔地理区域和数百万人口的民族国家中发展。因此，公民直接参与政治在现代背景下将涉及巨大的实际问题。第二，公民身份在古典民主和现代民主中有不同的定义。在雅典的民主制度中，只有一小部分成年男性是公民，大部分成年人口（妇女、外国人和奴隶）没有政治权利。的确，有人认为雅典公民能够花费如此多的时间和精力
In his famous book " Democracy and its Critics " (1989), Robert A. Dahl argues that, historically speaking, there have been two transformations of democracy. These transformations have brought about different models of democratic governance and different interpretations of the concept of democracy. By the fi rst transformation Dahl refers to the the emergence of the classical model of democracy in Greek city-states, most notably in Athens, that took place during the fi fth century BC. The classical Athe-nian democracy was based on citizens' direct participation in decision-making in popular assemblies, and the selection of certain public offi cials by a lot. Until the 19the century, the Athenian model epitomized the way in which the concept of the concept of democracy was interpreted. The second transformation refers to the emergence of modern representative democracy in nation states in the late 18 th and in the 19 th century. The modern interpretation of democracy evolved especially during the 19 th century. The central feature of this conception is the popular election of the representatives who make political decisions. In order to understand why the principle of representation has become such a key element in modern democracy, it is useful to point out two differences between the models of classical and modern democracy. First, the political units are different by their scale. Classical democracy fl ourished in small city-states, whereas modern democracies developed in nation-states with large geographical areas and populations of millions. For this reason, citizens' direct participation in politics would involve enormous practical problems in the modern context. Second, citizenship is defi ned differently in classical and modern democracy. In the Athenian democracy, only a small proportion of adult males were citizens, and large segments of adult population (women, foreigners and slaves) did not have political rights. It has, indeed, been argued that the Athenian citizens were able to spend so much of their time and energy