The oxygen consumption of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) and stonefly (Plecoptera) larvae at different oxygen concentration
The oxygen consumption of mayfly (Ephemeroptera) and stonefly (Plecoptera) larvae at different oxygen concentration
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不同氧浓度下蜉蝣（Ephemeroptera）和石蝇（Plecoptera）幼虫的耗氧量
DOI：
10.1007/bf00047021
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发表时间：
1973
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
B. Nagell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Nagell
摘要1.本研究的目的是阐明四种不同生境、具有不同呼吸器官或呼吸调节类型的水生昆虫幼虫对低氧浓度的反应，以及它们的耗氧量是如何受到影响的。研究的种类包括：雾状带翼石蝇Taeniopteryx nebulosa，Diura nanseni和Nemoura cincerea以及双翅目Cloëon dipterum。其设计如图1所示。允许已知氧浓度的水流过实验幼虫。幼虫的耗氧量由其中的氧浓度的降低来计算。3.实验中使用的水是标准化的，使得电极具有必要的稳定性（电导率470微姆欧/厘米）。排除钙离子是为了防止CaCO 3在电极毛细管中沉淀。4.如图2-5所示，发现耗氧量值变化很大。其原因是实验动物运动活动的相应变化。5.图2-5中曲线A和C的一般形式的生理原因进行了讨论。曲线A和C表示幼虫在不同程度的刺激下的耗氧量，从而引起不同水平的运动活动。曲线A代表有意激活的动物，曲线C代表非激活的、静止的动物。曲线A和C是对应于动物活动范围的边界曲线。在这个范围内，原则上可以解释一系列相同形式的曲线，代表不同程度的刺激。6.在一定的氧浓度区间内，观察到由氧浓度降低引起的运动激活。在图2-5中可以看到活化的结果，在曲线C和D之间有一个没有耗氧值或耗氧值很少的区域。物种越容易被激活，区域就越宽。Cloën有最窄的区域，观察到比其他物种更少激活。7. Cloën的小幼虫（2-4 mm和42-6 mm）和Nemoura（2-4 mm）在低氧浓度下明显表现出比完全发育的幼虫更大的摄氧能力（见图8和9）。8.曲线上的临界点代表平均耗氧量作为氧浓度的函数，发现在2-5毫克O2/带翼鸟和Diura在2.2-2.5 mg O2/1，Cloëon在2.2-2.5 mg O2/1，Nemoura在2-7 mg O2/1。数值为8°。Cloëon是自然环境中受氧浓度变化最大的物种。9.饥饿4 ~ 5天对耗氧量没有影响。在实验过程中，没有观察到钙离子存在或不存在时的耗氧量值之间的差异（图10，11）. 10.在本研究中获得的基本图像是一组氧消耗值，这些值分散在连接所获得的最高值的曲线和标准代谢曲线之间，以及其中幼虫被降低的氧浓度激活的区域。这种情况被认为是普遍的水生动物与发达的运动活动。
Abstract1.The aim of this investigation was to elucidate how four acquatic insect larvae, from different habitats and having different respiratory organs or types of respiratory regulation, react to a lowered oxygen concentration, and how their oxygen consumption is affected. The species investigated were the stoneflies Taeniopteryx nebulosa, Diura nanseni and Nemoura cincerea and the mayfly Cloëon dipterum.2.The measurements were performed in a respiratory apparatus of open, flowing-water type. Its design is shown in Fig. 1.Water of known oxygen concentration was allowed to flow past the experimental larvae. The oxygen consumption of the larvae was calculated from the lowering of the oxygen concentration in which ensued.3.The water used in the experiments was standardized, so that the electrode had the necessary stability (conductivity 470 micromhos/cm). The calcium ion was excluded in order to prevent the precipitation of CaCO3 in the electrode capillary.4.A large variation in the values of oxygen consumption was found as seen in Fig. 2–5. The reason for that is a corresponding variation in the motor activity of the experimental animals.5.The physiological reasons for the general form of the curves A and C in Fig. 2–5 are discussed. The curves A and C represent oxygen consumption of the larvae at different degrees of stimulation, entailing different levels of motor activity. Curve A represents intentinally activated animals, curve C non-activated, motionless animals. The curves A and C are boundary curves corresponding to a sort of scope for activity of the animals. Over this scope area a series of curves of the same form could in principal be construed, representing different degrees of stimulation.6.Within a certain oxygen concentration interval a motor activation was observed caused by a reduced oxygen concentration. The result of that activation can be seen in Fig. 2–5 as a zone with no or very few oxygen consumption values between curve C and D. The more easily activated the species is, the broader the zone will be. Cloën has the most narrow zone and was observed to be less activated than the other species.7.Small larvae of Cloën (2–4 mm and 42–6 mm) and Nemoura (2–4 mm) showed clearly a greater ability to take up oxygen at low oxygen concentrations than full-grown larvae (see Fig. 8 and 9).8.The critical point on the curve representing mean oxygen consumption as a function of oxygen concentrations was found to be at 2–5 mg O2/1 for Taeniopteryx and Diura, at 2.2–2.5 mg O2/1 for Cloëon, and at about 2–7 mg O2/1 for Nemoura. The values refer to 8°. Cloëon is the species which is exposed to the greatest variations in oxygen concentration in its natural environment.9.No influence on the oxygen consumption of starvation for 4 to 5 days was found. No difference between the oxygen consumption values obtained in the presence or in the absence of calcium ions could be observed during the experiments (Fig. 10, 11).10.The basic picture obtained in this investigation is a set of oxygen consumption values scattered between a curve connecting highest values obtained and a curve of the standard metabolism together with a zone in which the larvae are activated by reduced oxygen concentrations. This picture is presumed to be general in aquatic animals with a well developed motor activity.