Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: was Pollyanna right?
Some psychological effects associated with positive and negative thinking about stressful event outcomes: was Pollyanna right?
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与对压力事件结果的积极和消极思考相关的一些心理影响：盲目乐观是对的吗？
DOI：
10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.216
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Goodhart,DE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goodhart,DE
本研究调查了一个人在结束压力事件后倾向于思考积极和消极结果的心理影响，分别被称为积极和消极思维。研究解决了四个问题：(a)积极和消极的思考是有利于还是不利于心理健康，(b)这些影响是短暂的还是持久的，(c)它们是否仅限于对事件对自己的影响的思考，还是概括为对事件外部后果的思考，以及(d)对先前压力源进行积极或消极思考的倾向是否会影响对未来压力源的心理脆弱性。大学生们完成了一份事件-结果评估问卷，该问卷旨在对最近的压力事件的结果产生显著的积极和消极的想法。然后在显著性操作后立即和8周后再次评估受试者的幸福感。积极思考增加了受试者在评估后立即报告的幸福感，但与他们在8周后报告的幸福感无关。这表明，虽然积极思考过去事件的结果可能会暂时导致幸福感的增加，而这些想法是显著的，但它没有持久的影响。相比之下，消极思维不仅在思想突出时，而且在一段时间后，都与较低的幸福感相关。与这两种思维相关的心理影响主要是由于自我相关的想法，而不是外部相关的想法。对先前的压力结果的消极思考似乎会增加对后来的压力对幸福的几个方面的影响的脆弱性。总的来说，消极思维的结果与8周后报告的证据一致。这表明，尽管积极思考的影响会持续一段时间。然而，一旦这些想法不再突出，积极思考似乎就不会有持续的有益影响。
This study investigated psychological effects associated with tendencies to focus one's thinking on positive versus negative outcomes of concluded stressful events, called respectively, positive and negative thinking. Four questions were addressed:(a) whether positive and negative thinking benefit or reduce psychological well-being,(b) whether these effects are transitory or enduring,(c) whether they are limited to thoughts about an event's impact on oneself or generalize to thoughts about an event's external consequences, and (d) whether tendencies to think positively or negatively about prior stressors influence psychological vulnerability to the impact of future ones. College students completed an event-outcome appraisal questionnaire designed to make salient positive and negative thoughts about the outcomes of recent stressful events. Subjects' well-being was then assessed both immediately after the salience manipulation and again 8 weeks later. Positive thinking increased the well-being that subjects reported immediately after their thoughts were assessed, but was unrelated to the well-being they reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively about past event outcomes may temporarily lead to perceptions of increased well-being while the thoughts are salient, it has no enduring influence. In contrast, negative thinking was associated with lower reported well-being not only when the thoughts were salient but after a delay as well. Psychological effects associated with both types of thinking were due mostly to self-relevant thoughts rather than to externally relevant ones. Negative thinking about prior stressor outcomes appeared to increase vulnerability to the impact of later ones on several aspects of well-being. Overall, results for negative thinking are consistent with evidence reported after an 8-week delay. This suggests that although thinking positively effects that persist over time. However, positive thinking does not seem to have beneficial effects that continue once these thoughts are no longer salient.