Correlating Speech Rhythm in Spanish:Evidence from Two Peruvian Dialects
Correlating Speech Rhythm in Spanish:Evidence from Two Peruvian Dialects
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西班牙语语音节奏的相关性：两种秘鲁方言的证据
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
Erin O’rourke
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作者：
Erin O’rourke
重音计时、音节计时和音节计时的分类已被用来根据用于分配语音节奏模式的领域来区分语言。按照这种观点，重音计时语言中的重音之间、音节时间语言中的音节之间以及音节计时语言中的音节之间的持续时间相对相等（Pike 1946，Abercrombie 1967，Ladefoged 1975）。由这种提出的等时性得出的预测是，随着更多非重音音节的添加，音节计时语言中的重音之间的持续时间将会更长。然而，正如 Dauer (1983) 和 Grabe and Low (2002) 所总结的那样，对几种语言的语音研究并没有支持这一假设，而其他人则将等时单位的存在描述为一种趋势。尽管如此，考虑到说话者在比较语言和方言时经常直观地描述替代节奏，研究仍在继续检查声学信号，以确定这些节奏差异在感知上仍然真实的程度。在 Ramus、Nespor 和 Mehler（1999）的研究中，对八种语言进行了跨语言分析，以便通过利用婴儿语音感知对比节奏的声乐和非声乐序列之间的简单区别来观察节奏差异。也就是说，测量了声音与辅音间隔的持续时间。正如 Dauer (1983) 所指出的，至少三个因素可能有助于感知不同的节奏：音节的结构、元音的减少以及重音如何在语音上实现。因此，可以做出的一个预测是，与音节和音节计时语言相比，更复杂的音节结构与更短、减少的非重读元音相结合，如重音计时语言的典型特征，将导致较低的元音/辅音比率以及更高的辅音持续时间的可变性。 Ramus 等人的结果。研究表明，声乐序列百分比 (%V) 和辅音变异性 (ΔC) 的声学测量确实与传统的节奏分类一致：通常被描述为重音计时的语言，例如英语和荷兰语，与典型的音节计时语言（例如西班牙语和法语）以及音节计时语言（例如日语）分开分组。具体来说，从重音到音节再到音节语言，%V 增加，而 ΔC 减少。 Frota 和 Vigario (2001) 对欧洲和巴西葡萄牙语的后续研究为混合节奏类别的可能性提供了证据，这些类别不属于先前描述的分组，也不属于这些分组之间的连续体。他们的研究表明，欧洲葡萄牙语在辅音变异性方面表现出重音计时特性，但根据语音序列占总句子持续时间的百分比显示音节计时特性。同样，巴西葡萄牙语也表现出另一种混合计时特征的组合：在辅音维度上，巴西葡萄牙语与其他音节计时的罗曼语言更相似，但在声乐维度上，它与日语等音节计时的语言更相似。这些发现被描述为与欧洲和巴西葡萄牙语的特征一致，前者减少了非重读位置的元音，后者显示出通过插入语简化辅音簇的趋势。此外，这些葡萄牙品种的研究工作
The categorizations of stress-timed, syllable-timed and mora-timed have been used to differentiate between languages according to the domain used in assigning rhythmic patterns in speech. In this view, duration is relatively equal between stresses in stress-timed languages, between syllables in syllable-time languages, and between morae in mora-timed languages (Pike 1946, Abercrombie 1967, Ladefoged 1975). A prediction stemming from this proposed isochrony is that the duration between stresses in syllable-timed languages would be longer with the addition of more unstressed syllables. However, as summarized in Dauer (1983) and Grabe and Low (2002), phonetic research on several languages has not upheld this hypothesis, while others describe the presence of isochronous units as a tendency. Nonetheless, given that speakers often intuitively describe alternate rhythms when comparing languages and dialects, research has continued to examine the acoustic signal to determine the extent to which these rhythmic distinctions may still be perceptually real. In the study by Ramus, Nespor and Mehler (1999) a cross-linguistic analysis of eight languages was conducted in order to observe rhythmic differences by exploiting the simple distinction between vocalic and non-vocalic sequences used in infant speech perception of contrasting rhythms. That is, the duration of vocalic versus consonantal intervals was measured. As noted in Dauer (1983), at least three factors may contribute to the perception of distinct rhythms: the structure of the syllable, the reduction of vowels, and how stress is realized phonetically. Accordingly, one prediction that can be made is that a more complex syllable structure in conjunction with shorter, reduced unstressed vowels, as is typical of stress-timed languages, will result in both a lower vowel/consonant ratio and also a higher variability of consonantal durations than syllable and mora-timed languages. The results of the Ramus et al. study showed that the acoustic measures of percentage of vocalic sequences (%V) and consonantal variability (∆C) did coincide with traditional rhythm categorizations: languages typically described as stress-timed, such as English and Dutch, grouped separately from typical syllable-timed languages, such as Spanish and French, and mora-timed languages, such as Japanese. Specifically, the %V increased from stress to syllable to mora-timed languages while the ∆C decreased. Subsequent research by Frota and Vigario (2001) on European and Brazilian Portuguese provides evidence for the possibility of mixed-rhythm classes which do not fall into the groupings previously described nor along a continuum between those groupings. Their study showed that European Portuguese demonstrates stress-timed qualities in terms of consonantal variability but syllable-timed properties according to the percentage of vocalic sequences compared to total sentence duration. Likewise, Brazilian Portuguese also showed another combination of mixed timing features: along the consonantal dimension, Brazilian Portuguese was more similar to other syllable-timed Romance languages but along the vocalic dimension it was more similar to mora-timed languages such as Japanese. These findings are described as consistent with characterizations of European and Brazilian Portuguese, the former having reduced vowels in unstressed position and the latter showing a tendency to simplify consonant clusters through epenthesis. In addition, the work on these Portuguese varieties