Combinatorial Proof of an Abel-type Identity ∗

Combinatorial Proof of an Abel-type Identity ∗
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Abel 型恒等式的组合证明 *

DOI:
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发表时间:
2009
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影响因子:
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通讯作者:
Dave Perkins
Dave Perkins
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作者:
P. M. Kayll;Dave Perkins

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下面的恒等式(1)是我们在[21]中对完全图K n(n ≥ 1)上的筹码射击游戏的研究得出的;参见,例如,[2]关于前因左侧表示游戏经历每个可能长度为0,1,...的射击序列的概率之和。..,n.本文给出了一个组合证明,证明这些概率和为1。我们首先将n − 1 n + 1 + n − 1 =1 n − 1 − n −1(n + 1 − n)n−1− n(n + 1)n−1 = 1(1)转化为一种适合于组合证明的形式。乘以n(n + 1)n并使用关系n = n+1(n + 1 −)/(n + 1),我们将(1)变换为等价形式n =1 n + 1 −2(n + 1 −)n−1 −(n +1 −)= 2n(n + 1)n−1。(2)为了证明(2)成立,首先观察右侧枚举了对(T,e),其中T是Kn +1的生成树,其中一条边e(的
Identity (1) below resulted from our investigation in [21] of chip-firing games on complete graphs K n , for n ≥ 1; see, e.g., [2] for antecedents. The left side expresses the sum of the probabilities of a game experiencing firing sequences of each possible length ℓ = 0, 1,. .. , n. This note gives a combinatorial proof that these probabilities sum to unity. We first manipulate n − 1 n + 1 + n ℓ=1 n ℓ ℓ ℓ−1 (n + 1 − ℓ) n−1−ℓ n(n + 1) n−1 = 1 (1) into a form amenable to combinatorial proof. Multiplying by n(n + 1) n and using the relation n ℓ = n+1 ℓ (n + 1 − ℓ)/(n + 1), we transform (1) to the equivalent form n ℓ=1 n + 1 ℓ ℓ ℓ−2 (n + 1 − ℓ) n−1−ℓ ℓ(n + 1 − ℓ) = 2n(n + 1) n−1. (2) To see that (2) holds, first observe that the right side enumerates the pairs (T, e), where T is a spanning tree of K n+1 for which one edge e (of