Combinatorial Proof of an Abel-type Identity ∗
Combinatorial Proof of an Abel-type Identity ∗
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Abel 型恒等式的组合证明 *
DOI:
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发表时间:
2009
期刊:
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
Dave Perkins
中科院分区:
文献类型:
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作者:
P. M. Kayll;Dave Perkins
Identity (1) below resulted from our investigation in [21] of chip-firing games on complete graphs K n , for n ≥ 1; see, e.g., [2] for antecedents. The left side expresses the sum of the probabilities of a game experiencing firing sequences of each possible length ℓ = 0, 1,. .. , n. This note gives a combinatorial proof that these probabilities sum to unity. We first manipulate n − 1 n + 1 + n ℓ=1 n ℓ ℓ ℓ−1 (n + 1 − ℓ) n−1−ℓ n(n + 1) n−1 = 1 (1) into a form amenable to combinatorial proof. Multiplying by n(n + 1) n and using the relation n ℓ = n+1 ℓ (n + 1 − ℓ)/(n + 1), we transform (1) to the equivalent form n ℓ=1 n + 1 ℓ ℓ ℓ−2 (n + 1 − ℓ) n−1−ℓ ℓ(n + 1 − ℓ) = 2n(n + 1) n−1. (2) To see that (2) holds, first observe that the right side enumerates the pairs (T, e), where T is a spanning tree of K n+1 for which one edge e (of