Bringing transnational relations back in: Bringing transnational relations back in: introduction
Bringing transnational relations back in: Bringing transnational relations back in: introduction
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让跨国关系回归： 让跨国关系回归：导言
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511598760.002
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Thomas Risse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thomas Risse
1.跨国关系，即：在至少有一个行为者是非国家代理人或不代表国家政府或政府间组织行事的情况下，经常性的跨国界互动渗透到世界政治的几乎每一个问题领域。约有5，000个国际非政府组织----从大赦国际和绿色和平组织到国际政治学协会----为它们的目的游说国际制度和国家间组织。一些国家促进国际合作，而另一些国家则试图阻止干预私人活动的监管制度。在大约7，000家跨国公司中，有些公司在其他国家设有子公司，其销售总额甚至超过了主要国家的国民生产总值，从而给许多国家的对外经济政策带来了适应问题。组织较为松散的跨国联盟似乎也随处可见。东欧的跨国持不同政见者运动帮助推翻了1989年的共产党政权。20世纪80年代，西方社会运动在许多国家制定了关于和平与环境问题的公共议程。跨国科学家团体-“认识社区”-为全球日益提高对各种环境问题的认识作出了贡献。国家政府、国际组织和政权下属单位的国家官员之间的跨政府网络经常追求自己的议程，独立于甚至有时与其国家政府宣布的政策背道而驰。这种以知识为基础或以规范性原则为基础的跨国和跨政府问题网络似乎对人权、国际安全或全球环境等不同问题领域的价值观、规范和思想的全球传播产生了重大影响。
Introduction Transnational relations, i.e., regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an intergovernmental organization , permeate world politics in almost every issue-area. About 5,000 international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) – from Amnesty International and Greenpeace to the International Political Science Association – lobby international regimes and inter-state organizations for their purposes. Some promote international cooperation, while others try to prevent regulatory regimes which would interfere with the activities of private citizens. Some of the approximately 7,000 multinational corporations (MNCs) with subsidiaries in other countries have gross sales larger than the gross national product (GNP) of even major countries and, thus, create adaptation problems for the foreign economic policies of many states. More loosely organized transnational alliances appear to be everywhere, too. Transnational dissident movements in Eastern Europe helped to topple the Communist regimes in 1989. Western social movements set the public agenda on peace and environmental questions in many countries during the 1980s. Transnational groups of scientists – “epistemic communities” – contributed to a growing global awareness about various environmental issues. Trans governmental networks among state officials in sub-units of national governments, international organizations, and regimes frequently pursue their own agenda, independently from and sometimes even contrary to the declared policies of their national governments. Such knowledge-based or normative principle-based transnational and transgovernmental issue networks seem to have a major impact on the global diffusion of values, norms, and ideas in such diverse issue-areas as human rights, international security, or the global environment.