Metals, mines and moorland: the changing lead mining landscapes of the North Pennines, UK, 1700-1948

Metals, mines and moorland: the changing lead mining landscapes of the North Pennines, UK, 1700-1948
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金属、矿山和沼泽地:英国北奔宁山脉不断变化的铅矿开采景观,1700 年至 1948 年

DOI:
10.1080/00794236.2022.2058221
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
0.3
通讯作者:
Kincey M
Kincey M
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kincey M

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18 世纪至 20 世纪期间,密集的金属开采极大地改变了许多英国高地地貌,改变了地下和地表环境,并从根本上改变了当地定居点、基础设施和社会的特征。然而,我们对矿区随时间推移的景观规模发展模式的了解仍然有限。在这项研究中,我们采用跨学科的方法来了解英国北奔宁山脉近 200 平方公里地区采矿业的历史发展。我们的方法结合了文献和地图记录、考古测绘以及对物理环境变化的地貌分析。我们证明了采矿强度和相关景观影响的性质存在明显的时空变化。生产时间序列数据表明,18 世纪采矿作业普遍集约化,考古证据表明,破坏环境的静压作业(一种水力采矿技术)在这一时期也很普遍。整个 19 世纪中叶,地下矿山的矿石生产规模大幅增长,但从 1800 年代后期开始迅速下降。大型矿业企业的影响力深入到当地经济社会的各个方面;改变该地区的定居模式、基础设施和人口统计,并影响矿工及其家人的财务、健康和福祉。采矿业带来的环境和社会变化是深远的,导致矿区具有独特的景观特征和遗产,并一直延续到今天。
Intensive metal mining considerably altered many British upland landscapes between the 18th and 20th centuries, modifying both subterranean and surface environments and fundamentally changing the character of local settlements, infrastructure and society. However, our understanding of the landscape-scale patterns of development through time in mining districts is still limited. In this study, we take an interdisciplinary approach to understand the historical development of the mining industry within a nearly 200 km2area of the North Pennines, UK. Our approach combines documentary and cartographic records, archaeological mapping, and geomorphological analysis of changes to the physical environment. We demonstrate pronounced spatio-temporal variability in the intensity of mining and the nature of associated landscape impacts. Production time series data indicate a widespread intensification of operations during the 18th century, with archaeological evidence suggesting that the environmentally destructive practice of hushing, a hydraulic mining technique, was also widespread during this period. The scale of ore production from subterranean mines increased considerably throughout the mid-19th century, before a rapid decline from the late 1800s onwards. The influence of large mining corporations reached into all aspects of the local economy and society; altering the settlement patterns, infrastructure and demographics of the area and shaping the finances, health and wellbeing of the miners and their families. The environmental and societal changes that accompanied the mining industry were profound, resulting in mining districts with a distinctive landscape character and legacy that persist to the present day.
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