Active Regulation of Insect Respiration
Active Regulation of Insect Respiration
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昆虫呼吸的主动调节
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Slăma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Slăma
昆虫呼吸的神经激素调节已经在鳞翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目的蛹和膜翅目的成虫中进行了研究。测量是通过几种电子方法（气压法、风速法、呼吸法、重量法、热成像法、红外辐射法）的组合获得的。已经发现，（与声称昆虫呼吸是基于被动物理扩散的一般理论相反）昆虫可以通过单独的气孔主动呼吸。例如，一只鳞翅目蛹能够同时通过给定体节的两个对侧气门吸气，但它也可以只使用其中一个气门，或者最终，它可以在不同体节以及身体的不同侧面表现出完美协调的气门功能。这种类型的主动呼吸是由自主神经系统（腔脉冲）通过血液腔压中周期性重复的心外搏动来调节的。所选气门的瓣膜与心外搏动的频率同步搏动，心外搏动产生单向压缩气流。积极的，神经激素调节也已确定从内部碳酸盐缓冲释放二氧化碳。大蜡螟Galleria mellonella（L.）例如，只有在特殊的、新发现的器官中才能积极地产生气态CO 2，从这些器官中，浓缩的CO 2通过一个或几个选定的气门迅速排出。间断通气循环通常非常简单。在CO2爆发后气门收缩的延长只发生在某些鳞翅目昆虫中，而神秘的颤动阶段根本不存在。一种可能性，昆虫有利于积极调节呼吸，以尽量减少呼吸水分流失，避免呼吸性酸血症进行了讨论。
Neurohormonal regulation of insect breathing has been studied in the pupae of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera and in the adults of Hymenoptera. The measurements were obtained by a combination of several electronic methods (barographic, anemometric, respirographic, gravimetric, thermographic, infra-red radiation). It has been found that (in contrast to general theories that claim that insect respiration is based on passive physical diffusion) insects can actively breathe through individual spiracles. A lepidopteran pupa, for instance, is able to inspire simultaneously through both the contralateral spiracles of a given segment, but it can also use only 1 of them or, eventually, it can exhibit a concert of perfectly coordinated spiracular functions across different segments as well as across different sides of the body. This type of active breathing is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (coelopulse) by means of periodically repeated extracardiac pulsations in hemocoelic pressure. The valves of the selected spiracles pulsate in synchrony with the frequency of extracardiac pulsations, which produce a unidirectional ventilatory stream of air. Active, neurohormonal regulation has been also determined for the release of CO 2 from internal carbonate buffers. The pupae of Galleria mellonella (L. ), for instance, actively produce gaseous CO 2 only in special, newly identified organs, from which the concentrated CO 2 is rapidly expelled through just 1 or a few selected spiracles. The discontinuous ventilation cycles are usually very simple. The prolonged constriction of spiracles after the CO 2 burst occurs only in certain lepidopteran pupae, whereas the mysterious fluttering phase does not exist at all. A possibility that insects favor active regulation of breathing to minimize respiratory water loss and avoid respiratory acidaemia is discussed.