Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach 2. Emissions
Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach 2. Emissions
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DOI：
10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01076-2
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发表时间：
2002-05-06
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Jones, KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Breivik, K;Sweetman, A;Jones, KC
关于各种多氯联苯同系物在全球大气中释放（排放）的准确和完整的数据对于研究源-受体关系和北极等偏远地区的污染模式至关重要。关于人为排放的信息也可能有助于解释大气中多氯联苯的测量水平和模式。本研究以一份随附文件为基础，该文件对22种多氯联苯同系物的全球历史生产和消费情况进行了估计（Breivik K、Sweetman A、Pacyna JNI、Jones KC。制定选定多氯联苯同系物的全球历史排放清单-质量平衡办法。1.全球生产和消费。Sci Total Environ，已提交）。在这里，一个动态的质量平衡模型的阐述，参数化和应用，试图估计历史人为排放量的直接结果，广泛使用的多氯联苯的一段时间为70年。本文介绍了详细的质量平衡方法，沿着的主要不确定性的讨论。研究表明，历史使用、处置和意外释放途径的多样性使得弥合消费和排放之间的差距成为一项极其困难的任务，从而导致同样复杂多样的真实排放模式。因此，这些结果最多只能代表数量级估计数，应非常谨慎地对待绝对值。尽管存在这些不确定性，但仍然可以获得有用的信息。结果表明，温度是一个非常重要的因素控制排放量以及多氯联苯的排放模式。特别是，氯化程度较高（和持久性较高）的多氯联苯同系物的排放似乎受到（不受控制的）高温来源的显著影响。因此，可能需要采取进一步措施，避免受污染的材料受到高温和不受控制的燃烧。此外，建议应努力更好地表征和量化这些潜在的重要释放途径。此外，还应考虑采取其他办法，缩小消费量与排放量之间在数量上的差距，以改进这些估计数。(C)2002 Elsevier Science B. V.保留所有权利。
Accurate and complete data on the global atmospheric releases (emissions) of individual PCB congeners are essential to study source-receptor relationships and contamination patterns in remote areas, such as the Arctic. Information on the anthropogenic emissions may also be useful for the interpretation of measured levels and patterns of atmospheric PCBs. This study builds upon an accompanying paper, presenting an estimate of the global historical production and consumption of 22 PCB congeners (Breivik K, Sweetman A, Pacyna JNI, Jones KC. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 1. Global production and consumption. Sci Total Environ, submitted). Here, a dynamic mass balance model is elaborated, parameterised and applied in an attempt to estimate the historical anthropogenic emissions as a direct result of the widespread usage of PCBs for a period of 70 years. This paper presents details of the mass balance approach, along with a discussion of the major uncertainties. It is shown that the diversity of historical usage, disposal and accidental release pathways makes it an extremely difficult task to bridge the gap between consumption and emissions, resulting in an equally complex and diverse true emission pattern. These results may therefore at best represent order-of-magnitude estimates only and the results in absolute terms should be treated with great caution. In spite of these uncertainties, useful information can still be gained. The results suggest that temperature is an extremely important factor controlling both emission amount as well as the emission pattern of PCBs. In particular, the emissions of the more chlorinated (and persistent) PCB congeners appear to be significantly influenced by (uncontrolled) high-temperature sources. As a consequence, it may prove warranted to undertake further measures to avoid that contaminated materials are subject to elevated temperatures and uncontrolled burning. It is furthermore suggested that efforts should be directed towards a better characterisation and quantification of these potentially important release pathways. In addition, alternative approaches to bridge the gap between consumption and emissions in quantitative terms should be considered in order to improve these estimates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.