Estimating household exposure to moth repellents p-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene and the relative contribution of inhalation pathway in a sample of Japanese children.
Estimating household exposure to moth repellents p-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene and the relative contribution of inhalation pathway in a sample of Japanese children.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146988
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发表时间：
2021-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Toshiaki Yoshida;M. Mimura;N. Sakon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Toshiaki Yoshida;M. Mimura;N. Sakon
对二氯苯（DCB）和萘（NP）在室内环境中作为驱虫剂被怀疑具有致癌性。为了评估普通人群，特别是儿童长期接触这些物质对健康的不利影响，我们需要了解人体吸收的这些物质的数量以及它们的数量与住宅空气质量之间的关系。目前，全世界对它们知之甚少。本研究考察了日本儿童通过各种暴露途径每日摄入的二氯丁二烯和壬基苯，以及室内空气质量对摄入的影响。收集6至15岁受试者的第一天早晨空尿样本和卧室空气样本。测定空气中NP和DCB及其尿液代谢物。它们在空气中的浓度与尿液中相应代谢物的排泄量之间存在显著相关性。儿童在家中吸入二苯二酚和壬基酚吸收量的中位数分别为26和2.0 ng/kg b.w./h。估计日摄入量分别为2.4和0.90 μg/kg体重/d（中位数）。DCB和NP的吸入吸收量占总吸收量的比例（中位数）分别为30%和5%。对于居住在室内空气中这些化合物的浓度超过室内空气质量指导值一半水平的住宅中的儿童，认为其吸收的主要接触途径是在家中吸入。22%的住宅和9%的住宅的室内DCB浓度分别超过了10 - 4和10 - 3的终身过量癌症风险水平。我们的研究结果表明，需要进一步降低日本住宅中空气中多氯联苯的浓度，以防止其对日本儿童健康的不利影响。
p-Dichlorobenzene (DCB) and naphthalene (NP) used as moth repellents in indoor environments are suspected to be carcinogenic. To evaluate their adverse effects on health with chronic exposure in the general population, especially children, we need to know their amounts absorbed by the body and the relationships between their amounts and air quality in residences. At present, little is known worldwide about them.This study examined the daily intakes of DCB and NP by Japanese children via all exposure pathways and the contribution of indoor air quality to the intakes. First-morning void urine samples from the subjects aged 6 to 15 years and air samples in their bedrooms were collected. Airborne NP and DCB and their urinary metabolites were measured.Significant correlations were detected between their airborne concentrations and the urinary excretion amounts of their corresponding metabolites. The absorption amounts of DCB and NP by inhalation of the children while at home were calculated to be 26 and 2.0 ng/kg b.w./h, respectively, as median values. The daily intake was estimated to be 2.4 and 0.90 μg/kg b.w./d (median), respectively. The fractions (median) of inhalation absorption amounts to overall absorption amounts for DCB and NP were 30% and 5%, respectively. In children living in residences where the indoor air concentrations of these compounds were more than half the level of each guideline value for indoor air quality, the main exposure route for their absorption was considered to be inhalation while at home. The indoor concentrations of DCB exceeded the lifetime excess cancer risk level of 10−4in 22% of the residences and 10−3in 9% of them. Our findings indicate the need to further reduce airborne concentrations of DCB in Japanese residences to prevent its adverse effects on the health of Japanese children.