Seascapes are not landscapes: an analysis performed using Bernhard Riemann's rules
Seascapes are not landscapes: an analysis performed using Bernhard Riemann's rules
复制标题
海景不是风景：使用伯恩哈德黎曼规则进行的分析
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Manderson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Manderson
应用海景生态学是建立在陆地景观生态学范式之上的。由永久性海底特征定义的面片是分析的基本单元。持续的海洋特征提供了背景，而动态特征通常被忽略。海景生态应该建立在陆地模式之上吗？我使用雷曼的分析规则来识别海景和风景之间的差异。Reimann的方法使用关于系统功能的假设来指导基于基本“定律”的系统组件模型的发展。这种方法迫使我避免在理解生物-栖息地关系时使用陆地类比。适用于所有生物体的基本规律是个体表现和种群增长背后的保守新陈代谢要求。环境的物理属性；特别是那些规定了满足代谢要求的生物体可用的策略，是适用于外部环境的“定律”。生活在海洋液体中的生物通过对液体属性的强烈栖息地选择来满足大多数新陈代谢要求，这些液体属性受到“快速”的、通常是间歇性的大气和潮汐力量的控制。因此，海景主要是由包括混合过程在内的动态水文作用驱动的。相比之下，大多数陆地生物通过重力和生理调节与新陈代谢更具挑战性的大气流体脱钩。它们显示出对许多主要代谢物质的强烈栖息地选择，这些物质集中在陆地表面，在那里，包括土壤发育在内的较慢的生物地球化学过程驱动着生态动态。生活在液体中不同于生活在气体中，海洋中的资源使用管理需要根据海景动态进行调整，这种动态主要由水动力学驱动，其次由海底过程驱动。海洋观测和资料同化环流模式的进步使应用海景生态学得以迅速发展。这一发展至关重要，因为全球气候的变化正在迅速转化为海洋水圈动态的变化，海洋水圈构成并控制着海景内的生态动态。
Applied seascape ecology rests on paradigms of terrestrial landscape ecology. Patches defined by persistent seabed features are the basic units of analysis. Persistent oceanographic features provide context while dynamic features are usually ignored. Should seascape ecology rest on terrestrial paradigms? I use Reimann’s rules of analysis to identify differences between seascapes and landscapes. Reimann’s method uses hypotheses about system function to guide the development of models of system components based upon fundamental “laws”. The method forced me to avoid using terrestrial analogies in understanding of organism-habitat relationships. The fundamental laws applying to all organisms were the conservative metabolic requirements underlying individual performance and population growth. Physical properties of the environment; specifically those dictating strategies available to organisms meeting metabolic requirements, were the “laws” applying to the external environment. Organisms living in the ocean’s liquid meet most metabolic requirements using strong habitat selection for properties of the liquid that are controlled by “fast”, often episodic, atmospheric and tidal forces. Seascapes are therefor primarily driven by dynamic hydrography including mixing processes. In contrast, most terrestrial organisms are decoupled by gravity and physiological regulation from an atmospheric fluid that is metabolically more challenging. They show strong habitat selection for many essential metabolic materials concentrated on the land surface where slower biogeochemical processes including soil development drive ecological dynamics. Living in a liquid is different from living in a gas and resource use management in the oceans needs to be tuned to seascapes dynamics that is driven primarily by hydrodynamics and secondarily by seabed processes. Advances in ocean observing and data assimilative circulation models now permit the rapid development of applied seascape ecology. This development is essential now that changes in global climate are being rapidly translated into changes in the dynamics of the ocean hydrosphere that structures and controls ecological dynamics within seascapes.