Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Natural Biofertilizers: Let's Benefit from Past Successes.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Natural Biofertilizers: Let's Benefit from Past Successes.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2015.01559
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Bianciotto V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Berruti A;Lumini E;Balestrini R;Bianciotto V
丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 是一组根部专性生物营养菌，与约 80% 的植物互惠互利。它们被认为是天然生物肥料，因为它们为宿主提供水、营养和病原体保护，以换取光合产物。因此，AMF 是主要的生物土壤成分，当其缺失或贫化时，可能会导致生态系统功能降低。重建 AMF 丰富度的自然水平的过程可以成为传统施肥实践的有效替代方案，以实现可持续农业。实现这一目标的主要策略是将 AMF 繁殖体（接种体）直接重新引入目标土壤。最初，AMF 被描述为普遍缺乏宿主和生态位特异性，因此被认为在农业上适用于多种植物和环境条件。不幸的是，迄今为止所做的假设和获得的结果往往是天壤之别。问题是成功是不可预测的，因为不同的植物物种对相同的 AMF 物种混合物的反应各不相同。许多因素会影响接种的成功和 AMF 在土壤中的持久性，包括物种与目标环境的相容性、与目标生态位中其他土壤生物的空间竞争程度以及接种的时间。因此，在将接种物“调整”到目标环境时最好考虑这些因素，以避免接种过程失败。基因组学和转录组学使 AMF 研究领域向前迈出了一大步，从而使当前关于 AMF 与寄主植物和其他土壤生物相互作用过程的知识取得了重大进展。 AMF 在受控和露天条件下的应用历史悠久。本文建议对基于 AMF 使用的生物施肥实验进行回顾，重点关注一些可能增加成功率或危及接种过程成功的重要因素。
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) constitute a group of root obligate biotrophs that exchange mutual benefits with about 80% of plants. They are considered natural biofertilizers, since they provide the host with water, nutrients, and pathogen protection, in exchange for photosynthetic products. Thus, AMF are primary biotic soil components which, when missing or impoverished, can lead to a less efficient ecosystem functioning. The process of re-establishing the natural level of AMF richness can represent a valid alternative to conventional fertilization practices, with a view to sustainable agriculture. The main strategy that can be adopted to achieve this goal is the direct re-introduction of AMF propagules (inoculum) into a target soil. Originally, AMF were described to generally lack host- and niche-specificity, and therefore suggested as agriculturally suitable for a wide range of plants and environmental conditions. Unfortunately, the assumptions that have been made and the results that have been obtained so far are often worlds apart. The problem is that success is unpredictable since different plant species vary their response to the same AMF species mix. Many factors can affect the success of inoculation and AMF persistence in soil, including species compatibility with the target environment, the degree of spatial competition with other soil organisms in the target niche and the timing of inoculation. Thus, it is preferable to take these factors into account when “tuning” an inoculum to a target environment in order to avoid failure of the inoculation process. Genomics and transcriptomics have led to a giant step forward in the research field of AMF, with consequent major advances in the current knowledge on the processes involved in their interaction with the host-plant and other soil organisms. The history of AMF applications in controlled and open-field conditions is now long. A review of biofertilization experiments, based on the use of AMF, has here been proposed, focusing on a few important factors that could increase the odds or jeopardize the success of the inoculation process.