The microbes we eat: abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day's worth of meals for three diet types
The microbes we eat: abundance and taxonomy of microbes consumed in a day's worth of meals for three diet types
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DOI：
10.7717/peerj.659
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发表时间：
2014-12-09
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Zivkovic, Angela M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lang, Jenna M.;Eisen, Jonathan A.;Zivkovic, Angela M.
人们对粪便中的微生物的关注远远超过了食物中的微生物。致力于我们食用的微生物的研究工作历史上一直集中在相当狭窄的物种范围内，即那些引起疾病的物种和那些被认为赋予一些“益生菌”健康益处的物种。关于典型美国饮食中摄入的微生物群落的影响，我们知之甚少，甚至连哪些微生物，有多少微生物，以及它们在不同饮食和不同食物之间的差异有多大等基本问题都没有得到回答。我们描述了三种不同饮食模式的微生物群，以估计：通过食物和饮料摄入的每日微生物的平均总量，以及它们在代表三种不同饮食模式的三种每日膳食计划中的组成。分析的三种饮食模式是：（1）普通美国人（AMERICAN）：专注于方便食品，（2）USDA推荐（USDA）：强调水果和蔬菜，瘦肉，乳制品和全谷物，（3）素食主义者（VEGAN）：排除所有动物产品。膳食在家庭厨房准备或在餐馆购买并混合，然后进行微生物分析，包括需氧、厌氧、酵母和霉菌平板计数以及16 S rRNA PCR调查分析。根据平板计数，美国农业部膳食计划的微生物总量最高，为每天1.3 × 10（9）CFU，随后分别为6 × 10（6）和1.4 × 10（6）CFU/天的VEGAN膳食计划和AMERICAN膳食计划。三种膳食模式之间的多样性差异不显著。根据独立于饮食模式的分类组成对个体膳食进行聚类。例如，富含乳酸菌的食物来自所有三种饮食模式。一些分类组与膳食的营养成分相关。使用PICRUSt的预测宏基因组分析表明，在三种饮食模式中，某些功能性KEGG类别存在差异，并且根据食物是生的还是熟的进行聚类。需要进一步研究以确定摄入的微生物对肠道微生物群的影响，食物，膳食和饮食之间的差异程度，以及饮食微生物可能影响人类健康的程度。这些问题的答案将揭示饮食中的微生物，除了作为益生菌的益生菌，与食物一起摄入的微生物是我们肠道微生物群的组成，个体间差异和功能的重要贡献者。
Far more attention has been paid to the microbes in our feces than the microbes in our food. Research efforts dedicated to the microbes that we eat have historically been focused on a fairly narrow range of species, namely those which cause disease and those which are thought to confer some "probiotic" health benefit. Little is known about the effects of ingested microbial communities that are present in typical American diets, and even the basic questions of which microbes, how many of them, and how much they vary fromdiet to diet and meal to meal, have not been answered.We characterized the microbiota of three different dietary patterns in order to estimate: the average total amount of daily microbes ingested via food and beverages, and their composition in three daily meal plans representing three different dietary patterns. The three dietary patterns analyzed were: (1) the Average American (AMERICAN): focused on convenience foods, (2) USDA recommended (USDA): emphasizing fruits and vegetables, lean meat, dairy, and whole grains, and (3) Vegan (VEGAN): excluding all animal products. Meals were prepared in a home kitchen or purchased at restaurants and blended, followed by microbial analysis including aerobic, anaerobic, yeast and mold plate counts as well as 16S rRNA PCR survey analysis.Based on plate counts, the USDA meal plan had the highest total amount of microbes at 1.3 x 10(9) CFU per day, followed by the VEGAN meal plan and the AMERICAN meal plan at 6 x 10(6) and 1.4 x 10(6) CFU per day respectively. There was no significant difference in diversity among the three dietary patterns. Individual meals clustered based on taxonomic composition independent of dietary pattern. For example, meals that were abundant in Lactic Acid Bacteria were from all three dietary patterns. Some taxonomic groups were correlated with the nutritional content of the meals. Predictive metagenome analysis using PICRUSt indicated differences in some functional KEGG categories across the three dietary patterns and for meals clustered based on whether they were raw or cooked.Further studies are needed to determine the impact of ingested microbes on the intestinal microbiota, the extent of variation across foods, meals and diets, and the extent to which dietary microbes may impact human health. The answers to these questions will reveal whether dietary microbes, beyond probiotics taken as supplements-i.e., ingested with food-are important contributors to the composition, inter-individual variation, and function of our gut microbiota.