Quinoa, potatoes, and llamas fueled emergent social complexity in the Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes
Quinoa, potatoes, and llamas fueled emergent social complexity in the Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2113395118
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发表时间：
2021-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Melanie J. Miller;Iain P. Kendall;J. M. Capriles;M. Bruno;R. Evershed;C. Hastorf
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文献类型：
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作者：
Melanie J. Miller;Iain P. Kendall;J. M. Capriles;M. Bruno;R. Evershed;C. Hastorf
粮食生产系统是复杂社会生态系统出现的关键组成部分。在安第斯山脉，社会的复杂性往往与精英阶层玉米生产和消费的增加有关，但高原种植作物的重要性，如土豆（世界上种植最多的作物之一）和藜麦（目前被认为是“超级食品”），在很大程度上仍然没有得到重视。使用包括化合物特异性氨基酸在内的稳定同位素，我们重建了生活在的的喀喀湖南部的人们的饮食，那里出现了蒂瓦纳库州。随着时间的推移，当地生产的土豆、藜麦和美洲驼通过日益密集的做法促进了长期的粮食安全，从而维持了人口增长，增加了社会政治复杂性，并通过重大气候变化促进了复原力。的的喀喀湖盆地是古代世界文化发展的主要中心之一。这种湖泊环境在高而干燥的安第斯高原上是独一无二的，其水生和陆地资源被认为有助于该地区复杂社会的繁荣。然而，目前尚不清楚当地的水产资源，特别是鱼类，以及引进的作物-可在沿着地区种植的玉米-在多大程度上促进了持续的粮食生产和人口增长，这是形成期开始的社会政治复杂性增加的基础（公元前1400年至公元500年），并与Tiwanaku状态（公元500年至1100年）达到顶峰。在这里，我们提出了直接的饮食证据，从稳定同位素分析的人类骨骼遗骸跨越两千年，连同动物和花卉的参考材料，重建的喀喀湖南部的食物和生态相互作用随着时间的推移。大量稳定同位素分析，加上化合物特定的氨基酸稳定同位素分析，可以更好地区分在水生和陆地环境中消耗的资源。总之，这些证据表明，人类的饮食主要依赖于C3植物，特别是藜麦和块茎，沿着陆生动物，特别是家养骆驼。令人惊讶的是，鱼类并不是动物蛋白的重要来源，但C4植物消费量的略有增加证实了玉米在中地平线的重要性日益增加。这些结果强调了当地陆地食物资源在确保营养饮食方面的主要作用，即使在这些时期面临有记录的气候和政治变化的情况下，也能使人口持续增长。
Significance Food production systems are critical components in the emergence of complex socioecological systems. In the Andes, societal complexity has often been related to the increasing production and consumption of maize by elites, but the importance of highland cultivated crops, such as potatoes, one of the most cultivated crops in the world, and quinoa, presently recognized as a “superfood,” remains largely underappreciated. Using stable isotopes including compound-specific amino acids, we reconstruct the diets of people living in southern Lake Titicaca, where the Tiwanaku state emerged. Over time, locally produced potatoes, quinoa, and llamas, by means of increasingly intensive practices, facilitated long-term food security, which sustained population growth, contributed to increasing sociopolitical complexity, and facilitated resiliency through episodes of significant climatic variation. The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.