Improving ecosystem service frameworks to address wicked problems
Improving ecosystem service frameworks to address wicked problems
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DOI：
10.5751/es-07581-200237
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Le Heron, Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Davies, Kathryn K.;Fisher, Karen T.;Le Heron, Richard
复杂的问题往往是人类活动与生态系统多重相互作用的结果。如果要解决这些“邪恶的问题”，就应该考虑到生态系统和社会系统相互关联的性质。生态系统服务方法提供了将生态系统功能与社会价值联系起来的机会，但在实践中，社会动力在交付成果方面所起的重要作用在很大程度上仍未得到探索。管理制度、权力关系、技能和价值观等社会因素可以极大地影响生态系统服务的定义和交付。来自不同利益攸关方群体的投入通过承认不同的价值观和考虑到相互冲突的世界观，提高了生态系统服务方法解决邪恶问题的能力。参与式建模可以将社会和生态动态纳入涉及利益攸关方的决策中，但本身是一项复杂的社会任务，可能不会产生准确或可预测的结果。我们探讨了不同类型的参与性建模在将社会价值纳入生态系统服务框架以及产生解决邪恶问题所需的四个重要社会资本方面的有效性：加强社会学习和能力建设；增加透明度；调停权力；以及建立信任。我们的发现表明，中介建模、群体映射和心理/概念建模可能会产生能够改善生态系统服务框架的社会资本元素。研究发现，参与式模拟、系统动态建模和贝叶斯信念网络如果单独使用，产生改善生态系统服务框架所需的社会资本的可能性很低。情景规划、同伴建模、群体模型构建和参与性地图绘制都产生了中等到高度的社会资本元素，这些元素提高了生态系统服务框架解决邪恶问题的能力。
Complex problems often result from the multiple interactions between human activities and ecosystems. The interconnected nature of ecological and social systems should be considered if these "wicked problems" are to be addressed. Ecosystem service approaches provide an opportunity to link ecosystem function with social values, but in practice the essential role that social dynamics play in the delivery of outcomes remains largely unexplored. Social factors such as management regimes, power relationships, skills, and values, can dramatically affect the definition and delivery of ecosystem services. Input from a diverse group of stakeholders improves the capacity of ecosystem service approaches to address wicked problems by acknowledging diverse sets of values and accounting for conflicting world views. Participatory modeling can incorporate both social and ecological dynamics into decision making that involves stakeholders, but is itself a complex social undertaking that may not yield precise or predictable outcomes. We explore the efficacy of different types of participatory modeling in relation to the integration of social values into ecosystem services frameworks and the generation of four important elements of social capital needed to address wicked problems: enhancing social learning and capacity building; increasing transparency; mediating power; and building trust. Our findings indicate that mediated modeling, group mapping, and mental/conceptual modeling are likely to generate elements of social capital that can improve ecosystem service frameworks. Participatory simulation, system dynamic modeling, and Bayesian belief networks, if utilized in isolation, were found to have a low likelihood of generating the social capital needed to improve ecosystem services frameworks. Scenario planning, companion modeling, group model building, and participatory mapping all generate a moderate to high level of social capital elements that improve the capacity of ecosystem service frameworks to address wicked problems.