Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review.
Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review.
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DOI：
10.1007/s40572-016-0107-y
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发表时间：
2016-12
影响因子：
7.9
通讯作者：
Meliker JR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vacchi-Suzzi C;Kruse D;Harrington J;Levine K;Meliker JR
镉是一种天然存在的元素，人类从香烟、食物和工业来源中暴露。接触后，镉在肾脏中积累，并缓慢释放到尿液中，通常与肾脏中的水平成比例。单点尿样中的镉水平被认为是长期暴露于镉的指标;然而，这种潜在的特殊生物标志物需要仔细审查。在这篇综述中，我们报告了良好的时间稳定性尿镉（组内相关系数0.66-0.81），无论现场尿或第一次晨尿采样。诸如吸烟习惯的改变和以蛋白质排泄增加为特征的疾病等因素可能会导致尿镉水平的短期变化。我们建议流行病学家在按吸烟状况分层的前瞻性研究中使用这种强有力的生物标志物，同时沿着考虑可能影响肾脏生理学和镉排泄的其他因素。
Cadmium is a naturally-occurring element, and humans are exposed from cigarettes, food, and industrial sources. Following exposure, cadmium accumulates in the kidney and is slowly released into the urine, usually proportionally to the levels found in the kidneys. Cadmium levels in a single spot urine sample have been considered indicative of long-term exposure to cadmium; however, such a potentially exceptional biomarker requires careful scrutiny. In this review, we report good to excellent temporal stability of urinary cadmium (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.66–0.81) regardless of spot urine or first morning void sampling. Factors such as changes in smoking habits and diseases characterized by increased excretion of proteins may produce short-term changes in urinary cadmium levels. We recommend that epidemiologists use this powerful biomarker in prospective studies stratified by smoking status, along with thoughtful consideration of additional factors that can influence renal physiology and cadmium excretion.